Nickel potassium cyanide (T3D1422)

IdentificationTaxonomyBiological PropertiesPhysical PropertiesToxicity ProfileSpectraConcentrationsLinksReferencesGene RegulationTargets (110)XML
Targets (110)
Record Information
Version2.0
Creation Date2009-06-19 21:58:45 UTC
Update Date2014-12-24 20:23:52 UTC
Accession NumberT3D1422
Identification
Common NameNickel potassium cyanide
ClassSmall Molecule
DescriptionNickel potassium cyanide is a chemical compound of nickel, potassium and cyanide. Nickel is a chemical compound with the atomic number 28. It is found abundantly in nature in laterite ore minerals, such as limonite, garnierite, and pentlandite. Nickel has a biological role and is found in certain enzymes, including urease, hydrogenase, methylcoenzyme M reductase, and carbon monoxide dehydrogenase. (2, 3)
Compound Type
  • Cyanide Compound
  • Industrial/Workplace Toxin
  • Inorganic Compound
  • Pollutant
  • Synthetic Compound
Chemical Structure
Thumb
MOLSDFPDBSMILESInChI
Synonyms
Synonym
Dipotassium nickel tetracyanide
Dipotassium tetracyanidonickelate
Dipotassium tetracyanoniccolate
Dipotassium tetracyanonickelate
Nickelate(2-), tetracyano-, dipotassium
Nickelate, tetracyano-, dipotassium
potassium tetracyanidonickelate(2-)
Potassium tetracyanidonickelate(II)
Potassium tetracyanonickelate
potassium tetracyanonickelate(2-)
Potassium tetracyanonickelate(II)
Chemical FormulaC4K2N4Ni
Average Molecular Mass240.960 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass239.875 g/mol
CAS Registry Number14220-17-8
IUPAC Namenickel(2+) ion dipotassium tetrakis(iminomethanide)
Traditional Namenickel(2+) ion dipotassium tetrakis(cyanide)
SMILES[K+].[K+].[Ni++].[C-]#N.[C-]#N.[C-]#N.[C-]#N
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/4CN.2K.Ni/c4*1-2;;;/q4*-1;2*+1;+2
InChI KeyInChIKey=LXWJYIBQIPSFSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as alkali metal nitrides. These are inorganic compounds of nitrogen where nitrogen has a formal oxidation state of -3, and the heaviest metal atom is an alkali metal.
KingdomInorganic compounds
Super ClassMixed metal/non-metal compounds
ClassAlkali metal organides
Sub ClassAlkali metal nitrides
Direct ParentAlkali metal nitrides
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Alkali metal nitride
  • Transition metal cyanide salt
  • Inorganic nitride
  • Inorganic salt
  • Inorganic cyanide
  • Inorganic nickel compound
Molecular FrameworkNot Available
External DescriptorsNot Available
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginExogenous
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
PathwaysNot Available
ApplicationsNot Available
Biological RolesNot Available
Chemical RolesNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
AppearanceWhite powder.
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting PointNot Available
Boiling PointNot Available
SolubilityNot Available
LogPNot Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility30 g/LALOGPS
logP-0.59ALOGPS
logP-0.35ChemAxon
logS-0.57ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)9.5ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area23.79 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count0ChemAxon
Refractivity15.81 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability2.07 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Spectra
SpectraNot Available
Toxicity Profile
Route of ExposureOral (5) ; inhalation (5) ; dermal (5)
Mechanism of ToxicityNickel is known to substitute for other essential elements in certain enzmes, such as calcineurin. It is genotoxic, and some nickel compounds have been shown to promote cell proliferation. Nickel has a high affinity for chromatin proteins, particularly histones and protamines. The complexing of nickel ions with heterochromatin results in a number of alterations including condensation, DNA hypermethylation, gene silencing, and inhibition of histone acetylation, which have been shown to disturb gene expression. Nickel has also been shown to alter several transcription factors, including hypoxia-inducible transcription factor, activating transcription factor, and NF-KB transcription factor. There is also evidence that nickel ions inhibit DNA repair, either by directly inhibiting DNA repair enzymes or competing with zinc ions for binding to zinc-finger DNA binding proteins, resulting in structural changes in DNA that prevent repair enzymes from binding. Nickel ions can also complex with a number of cellular ligands including amino acids, peptides, and proteins resulting in the generation of oxygen radicals, which induce base damage, DNA strand breaks, and DNA protein crosslinks. Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. Cyanide is also known produce some of its toxic effects by binding to catalase, glutathione peroxidase, methemoglobin, hydroxocobalamin, phosphatase, tyrosinase, ascorbic acid oxidase, xanthine oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Cyanide binds to the ferric ion of methemoglobin to form inactive cyanmethemoglobin. (3, 1, 6)
MetabolismNickel is absorbed mainly through the lungs and gastrointestinal tract. Once in the body it enters the bloodstream, where it binds to albumin, L-histidine, and _2-macroglobulin. Nickel tends to accumulate in the lungs, thyroid, kidney, heart, and liver. Absorbed nickel is excreted in the urine, wherease unabsorbed nickel is excreted in the faeces. Cyanide is rapidly alsorbed through oral, inhalation, and dermal routes and distributed throughout the body. Cyanide is mainly metabolized into thiocyanate by either rhodanese or 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfur transferase. Cyanide metabolites are excreted in the urine. (3, 5)
Toxicity ValuesLD50: 275 mg/kg (Oral, Mouse) (9)
Lethal DoseNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)1, carcinogenic to humans. (8)
Uses/SourcesNot Available
Minimum Risk LevelIntermediate Inhalation: 0.0002 mg/m3 (Nickel) (7) Chronic Inhalation: 0.00009 mg/m3 (Nickel) (7)
Health EffectsThe most common harmful health effect of nickel in humans is an allergic reaction. This usually manifests as a skin rash, although some people experience asthma attacks. Long term inhahation of nickel causes chronic bronchitis and reduced lung function, as well as damage to the naval cavity. Ingestion of excess nickel results in damage to the stomach, blood, liver, kidneys, and immune system, as well as having adverse effects on reproduction and development. Exposure to high levels of cyanide for a short time harms the brain and heart and can even cause coma, seizures, apnea, cardiac arrest and death. Chronic inhalation of cyanide causes breathing difficulties, chest pain, vomiting, blood changes, headaches, and enlargement of the thyroid gland. Skin contact with cyanide salts can irritate and produce sores. (3, 5, 6)
SymptomsSymptoms of nickel poisoning include headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, irritability, and difficulty sleeping, followed by chest pains, sweating, rapid heart beat, and a dry cough. Cyanide poisoning is identified by rapid, deep breathing and shortness of breath, general weakness, giddiness, headaches, vertigo, confusion, convulsions/seizures and eventually loss of consciousness. (5, 6, 4)
TreatmentExcess exposure to nickel is usually handled by preventing further exposure and symptomatic treatment. Nickel poisoning may also be treated using chelation therapy with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate. Antidotes to cyanide poisoning include hydroxocobalamin and sodium nitrite, which release the cyanide from the cytochrome system, and rhodanase, which is an enzyme occurring naturally in mammals that combines serum cyanide with thiosulfate, producing comparatively harmless thiocyanate. Oxygen therapy can also be administered. (4, 6)
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
DrugBank IDNot Available
HMDB IDNot Available
PubChem Compound ID61717
ChEMBL IDNot Available
ChemSpider ID55617
KEGG IDNot Available
UniProt IDNot Available
OMIM ID
ChEBI ID30071
BioCyc IDNot Available
CTD IDNot Available
Stitch IDNickel potassium cyanide
PDB IDNot Available
ACToR IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
MSDST3D1422.pdf
General References
  1. King MM, Huang CY: Activation of calcineurin by nickel ions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1983 Aug 12;114(3):955-61. [6311199 ]
  2. Wikipedia. Nickel. Last Updated 22 March 2009. [Link]
  3. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
  4. Redmond JC (2008). Nickel Poisoning. LoveToKnow. [Link]
  5. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2006). Toxicological profile for cyanide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
  6. Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. [Link]
  7. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2001). Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) for Hazardous Substances. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
  8. International Agency for Research on Cancer (2014). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. [Link]
  9. ScienceLab.com (2008). Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for Nickel potassium cyanide. [Link]
Gene Regulation
Up-Regulated GenesNot Available
Down-Regulated GenesNot Available

Targets

Target Details
1. Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial
General Function:
Succinate dehydrogenase activity
Specific Function:
Flavoprotein (FP) subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q). Can act as a tumor suppressor.
Gene Name:
SDHA
Uniprot ID:
P31040
Molecular Weight:
72690.975 Da
References
  1. Ardelt BK, Borowitz JL, Isom GE: Brain lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protectant mechanisms following acute cyanide intoxication. Toxicology. 1989 Jun 1;56(2):147-54. [2734799 ]
  2. Bolognesi M, Rosano C, Losso R, Borassi A, Rizzi M, Wittenberg JB, Boffi A, Ascenzi P: Cyanide binding to Lucina pectinata hemoglobin I and to sperm whale myoglobin: an x-ray crystallographic study. Biophys J. 1999 Aug;77(2):1093-9. [10423453 ]
Target Details
2. Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial
General Function:
Ubiquinone binding
Specific Function:
Iron-sulfur protein (IP) subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q).
Gene Name:
SDHB
Uniprot ID:
P21912
Molecular Weight:
31629.365 Da
References
  1. Ardelt BK, Borowitz JL, Isom GE: Brain lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protectant mechanisms following acute cyanide intoxication. Toxicology. 1989 Jun 1;56(2):147-54. [2734799 ]
  2. Bolognesi M, Rosano C, Losso R, Borassi A, Rizzi M, Wittenberg JB, Boffi A, Ascenzi P: Cyanide binding to Lucina pectinata hemoglobin I and to sperm whale myoglobin: an x-ray crystallographic study. Biophys J. 1999 Aug;77(2):1093-9. [10423453 ]
Target Details
3. Alkaline phosphatase, placental-like
General Function:
Metal ion binding
Specific Function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
ALPPL2
Uniprot ID:
P10696
Molecular Weight:
57376.515 Da
References
  1. Gerbitz KD: Human alkaline phosphatases. II. Metalloenzyme properties of the enzyme from human liver. Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem. 1977 Nov;358(11):1491-7. [924371 ]
Target Details
4. Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme
General Function:
Pyrophosphatase activity
Specific Function:
This isozyme may play a role in skeletal mineralization.
Gene Name:
ALPL
Uniprot ID:
P05186
Molecular Weight:
57304.435 Da
References
  1. Gerbitz KD: Human alkaline phosphatases. II. Metalloenzyme properties of the enzyme from human liver. Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem. 1977 Nov;358(11):1491-7. [924371 ]
Target Details
5. DNA oxidative demethylase ALKBH2
General Function:
Ferrous iron binding
Specific Function:
Dioxygenase that repairs alkylated DNA and RNA containing 1-methyladenine and 3-methylcytosine by oxidative demethylation. Can also repair alkylated DNA containing 1-ethenoadenine (in vitro). Has strong preference for double-stranded DNA. Has low efficiency with single-stranded substrates. Requires molecular oxygen, alpha-ketoglutarate and iron.
Gene Name:
ALKBH2
Uniprot ID:
Q6NS38
Molecular Weight:
29322.22 Da
References
  1. Chen H, Costa M: Iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases: an emerging group of molecular targets for nickel toxicity and carcinogenicity. Biometals. 2009 Feb;22(1):191-6. doi: 10.1007/s10534-008-9190-3. Epub 2008 Dec 19. [19096759 ]
Target Details
6. Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase alkB homolog 3
General Function:
L-ascorbic acid binding
Specific Function:
Dioxygenase that repairs alkylated DNA containing 1-methyladenine (1meA) and 3-methylcytosine (3meC) by oxidative demethylation. Has a strong preference for single-stranded DNA. Able to process alkylated 3mC within double-stranded regions via its interaction with ASCC3, which promotes DNA unwinding to generate single-stranded substrate needed for ALKHB3. May also act on RNA. Requires molecular oxygen, alpha-ketoglutarate and iron.
Gene Name:
ALKBH3
Uniprot ID:
Q96Q83
Molecular Weight:
33374.495 Da
References
  1. Chen H, Costa M: Iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases: an emerging group of molecular targets for nickel toxicity and carcinogenicity. Biometals. 2009 Feb;22(1):191-6. doi: 10.1007/s10534-008-9190-3. Epub 2008 Dec 19. [19096759 ]
Target Details
7. Calcineurin subunit B type 1
General Function:
Protein domain specific binding
Specific Function:
Regulatory subunit of calcineurin, a calcium-dependent, calmodulin stimulated protein phosphatase. Confers calcium sensitivity.
Gene Name:
PPP3R1
Uniprot ID:
P63098
Molecular Weight:
19299.785 Da
References
  1. King MM, Huang CY: Activation of calcineurin by nickel ions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1983 Aug 12;114(3):955-61. [6311199 ]
Target Details
8. Calcineurin subunit B type 2
General Function:
Calcium ion binding
Specific Function:
Regulatory subunit of calcineurin, a calcium-dependent, calmodulin stimulated protein phosphatase. Confers calcium sensitivity (By similarity).
Gene Name:
PPP3R2
Uniprot ID:
Q96LZ3
Molecular Weight:
19533.065 Da
References
  1. King MM, Huang CY: Activation of calcineurin by nickel ions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1983 Aug 12;114(3):955-61. [6311199 ]
Target Details
9. Catalase
General Function:
Receptor binding
Specific Function:
Occurs in almost all aerobically respiring organisms and serves to protect cells from the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide. Promotes growth of cells including T-cells, B-cells, myeloid leukemia cells, melanoma cells, mastocytoma cells and normal and transformed fibroblast cells.
Gene Name:
CAT
Uniprot ID:
P04040
Molecular Weight:
59755.82 Da
References
  1. Kang YS, Lee DH, Yoon BJ, Oh DC: Purification and characterization of a catalase from photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum S1 grown under anaerobic conditions. J Microbiol. 2006 Apr;44(2):185-91. [16728955 ]
Target Details
10. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1
General Function:
Iron ion binding
Specific Function:
Cytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water. Subunits 1-3 form the functional core of the enzyme complex. CO I is the catalytic subunit of the enzyme. Electrons originating in cytochrome c are transferred via the copper A center of subunit 2 and heme A of subunit 1 to the bimetallic center formed by heme A3 and copper B.
Gene Name:
MT-CO1
Uniprot ID:
P00395
Molecular Weight:
57040.91 Da
References
  1. Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. [Link]
Target Details
11. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2
General Function:
Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
Specific Function:
Cytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water. Subunits 1-3 form the functional core of the enzyme complex. Subunit 2 transfers the electrons from cytochrome c via its binuclear copper A center to the bimetallic center of the catalytic subunit 1.
Gene Name:
MT-CO2
Uniprot ID:
P00403
Molecular Weight:
25564.73 Da
References
  1. Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. [Link]
Target Details
12. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3
General Function:
Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
Specific Function:
Subunits I, II and III form the functional core of the enzyme complex.
Gene Name:
MT-CO3
Uniprot ID:
P00414
Molecular Weight:
29950.6 Da
References
  1. Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. [Link]
Target Details
13. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1, mitochondrial
General Function:
Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
Specific Function:
This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.
Gene Name:
COX4I1
Uniprot ID:
P13073
Molecular Weight:
19576.6 Da
References
  1. Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. [Link]
Target Details
14. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 2, mitochondrial
General Function:
Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
Specific Function:
This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.
Gene Name:
COX4I2
Uniprot ID:
Q96KJ9
Molecular Weight:
20010.02 Da
References
  1. Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. [Link]
Target Details
15. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5A, mitochondrial
General Function:
Metal ion binding
Specific Function:
This is the heme A-containing chain of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.
Gene Name:
COX5A
Uniprot ID:
P20674
Molecular Weight:
16761.985 Da
References
  1. Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. [Link]
Target Details
16. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5B, mitochondrial
General Function:
Metal ion binding
Specific Function:
This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.
Gene Name:
COX5B
Uniprot ID:
P10606
Molecular Weight:
13695.57 Da
References
  1. Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. [Link]
Target Details
17. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A1, mitochondrial
General Function:
Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
Specific Function:
This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.
Gene Name:
COX6A1
Uniprot ID:
P12074
Molecular Weight:
12154.8 Da
References
  1. Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. [Link]
Target Details
18. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A2, mitochondrial
General Function:
Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
Specific Function:
This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.
Gene Name:
COX6A2
Uniprot ID:
Q02221
Molecular Weight:
10815.32 Da
References
  1. Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. [Link]
Target Details
19. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B1
General Function:
Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
Specific Function:
Connects the two COX monomers into the physiological dimeric form.
Gene Name:
COX6B1
Uniprot ID:
P14854
Molecular Weight:
10192.345 Da
References
  1. Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. [Link]
Target Details
20. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B2
General Function:
Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
Specific Function:
Connects the two COX monomers into the physiological dimeric form.
Gene Name:
COX6B2
Uniprot ID:
Q6YFQ2
Molecular Weight:
10528.905 Da
References
  1. Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. [Link]
Target Details
21. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6C
General Function:
Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
Specific Function:
This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.
Gene Name:
COX6C
Uniprot ID:
P09669
Molecular Weight:
8781.36 Da
References
  1. Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. [Link]
Target Details
22. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A1, mitochondrial
General Function:
Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
Specific Function:
This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.
Gene Name:
COX7A1
Uniprot ID:
P24310
Molecular Weight:
9117.44 Da
References
  1. Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. [Link]
Target Details
23. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A2, mitochondrial
General Function:
Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
Specific Function:
This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.
Gene Name:
COX7A2
Uniprot ID:
P14406
Molecular Weight:
9395.89 Da
References
  1. Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. [Link]
Target Details
24. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7B, mitochondrial
General Function:
Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
Specific Function:
This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport. Plays a role in proper central nervous system (CNS) development in vertebrates.
Gene Name:
COX7B
Uniprot ID:
P24311
Molecular Weight:
9160.485 Da
References
  1. Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. [Link]
Target Details
25. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7B2, mitochondrial
General Function:
Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
Specific Function:
This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.
Gene Name:
COX7B2
Uniprot ID:
Q8TF08
Molecular Weight:
9077.43 Da
References
  1. Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. [Link]
Target Details
26. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7C, mitochondrial
General Function:
Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
Specific Function:
This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.
Gene Name:
COX7C
Uniprot ID:
P15954
Molecular Weight:
7245.45 Da
References
  1. Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. [Link]
Target Details
27. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 8A, mitochondrial
General Function:
Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
Specific Function:
This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.
Gene Name:
COX8A
Uniprot ID:
P10176
Molecular Weight:
7579.0 Da
References
  1. Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. [Link]
Target Details
28. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 8C, mitochondrial
General Function:
Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
Specific Function:
This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.
Gene Name:
COX8C
Uniprot ID:
Q7Z4L0
Molecular Weight:
8128.575 Da
References
  1. Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. [Link]
Target Details
29. Egl nine homolog 1
General Function:
Peptidyl-proline dioxygenase activity
Specific Function:
Cellular oxygen sensor that catalyzes, under normoxic conditions, the post-translational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) alpha proteins. Hydroxylates a specific proline found in each of the oxygen-dependent degradation (ODD) domains (N-terminal, NODD, and C-terminal, CODD) of HIF1A. Also hydroxylates HIF2A. Has a preference for the CODD site for both HIF1A and HIF1B. Hydroxylated HIFs are then targeted for proteasomal degradation via the von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitination complex. Under hypoxic conditions, the hydroxylation reaction is attenuated allowing HIFs to escape degradation resulting in their translocation to the nucleus, heterodimerization with HIF1B, and increased expression of hypoxy-inducible genes. EGLN1 is the most important isozyme under normoxia and, through regulating the stability of HIF1, involved in various hypoxia-influenced processes such as angiogenesis in retinal and cardiac functionality. Target proteins are preferentially recognized via a LXXLAP motif.
Gene Name:
EGLN1
Uniprot ID:
Q9GZT9
Molecular Weight:
46020.585 Da
References
  1. Chen H, Costa M: Iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases: an emerging group of molecular targets for nickel toxicity and carcinogenicity. Biometals. 2009 Feb;22(1):191-6. doi: 10.1007/s10534-008-9190-3. Epub 2008 Dec 19. [19096759 ]
Target Details
30. Egl nine homolog 2
General Function:
Peptidyl-proline 4-dioxygenase activity
Specific Function:
Cellular oxygen sensor that catalyzes, under normoxic conditions, the post-translational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) alpha proteins. Hydroxylates a specific proline found in each of the oxygen-dependent degradation (ODD) domains (N-terminal, NODD, and C-terminal, CODD) of HIF1A. Also hydroxylates HIF2A. Has a preference for the CODD site for both HIF1A and HIF2A. Hydroxylated HIFs are then targeted for proteasomal degradation via the von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitination complex. Under hypoxic conditions, the hydroxylation reaction is attenuated allowing HIFs to escape degradation resulting in their translocation to the nucleus, heterodimerization with HIF1B, and increased expression of hypoxy-inducible genes. EGLN2 is involved in regulating hypoxia tolerance and apoptosis in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Also regulates susceptibility to normoxic oxidative neuronal death. Links oxygen sensing to cell cycle and primary cilia formation by hydroxylating the critical centrosome component CEP192 which promotes its ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation. Hydroxylates IKBKB, mediating NF-kappaB activation in hypoxic conditions. Target proteins are preferentially recognized via a LXXLAP motif.
Gene Name:
EGLN2
Uniprot ID:
Q96KS0
Molecular Weight:
43650.03 Da
References
  1. Chen H, Costa M: Iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases: an emerging group of molecular targets for nickel toxicity and carcinogenicity. Biometals. 2009 Feb;22(1):191-6. doi: 10.1007/s10534-008-9190-3. Epub 2008 Dec 19. [19096759 ]
Target Details
31. Egl nine homolog 3
General Function:
Peptidyl-proline 4-dioxygenase activity
Specific Function:
Cellular oxygen sensor that catalyzes, under normoxic conditions, the post-translational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) alpha proteins. Hydroxylates a specific proline found in each of the oxygen-dependent degradation (ODD) domains (N-terminal, NODD, and C-terminal, CODD) of HIF1A. Also hydroxylates HIF2A. Has a preference for the CODD site for both HIF1A and HIF2A. Hydroxylation on the NODD site by EGLN3 appears to require prior hydroxylation on the CODD site. Hydroxylated HIFs are then targeted for proteasomal degradation via the von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitination complex. Under hypoxic conditions, the hydroxylation reaction is attenuated allowing HIFs to escape degradation resulting in their translocation to the nucleus, heterodimerization with HIF1B, and increased expression of hypoxy-inducible genes. EGLN3 is the most important isozyme in limiting physiological activation of HIFs (particularly HIF2A) in hypoxia. Also hydroxylates PKM in hypoxia, limiting glycolysis. Under normoxia, hydroxylates and regulates the stability of ADRB2. Regulator of cardiomyocyte and neuronal apoptosis. In cardiomyocytes, inhibits the anti-apoptotic effect of BCL2 by disrupting the BAX-BCL2 complex. In neurons, has a NGF-induced proapoptotic effect, probably through regulating CASP3 activity. Also essential for hypoxic regulation of neutrophilic inflammation. Plays a crucial role in DNA damage response (DDR) by hydroxylating TELO2, promoting its interaction with ATR which is required for activation of the ATR/CHK1/p53 pathway. Target proteins are preferentially recognized via a LXXLAP motif.
Gene Name:
EGLN3
Uniprot ID:
Q9H6Z9
Molecular Weight:
27261.06 Da
References
  1. Chen H, Costa M: Iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases: an emerging group of molecular targets for nickel toxicity and carcinogenicity. Biometals. 2009 Feb;22(1):191-6. doi: 10.1007/s10534-008-9190-3. Epub 2008 Dec 19. [19096759 ]
Target Details
32. Epididymal secretory glutathione peroxidase
General Function:
Glutathione peroxidase activity
Specific Function:
Protects cells and enzymes from oxidative damage, by catalyzing the reduction of hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxides and organic hydroperoxide, by glutathione. May constitute a glutathione peroxidase-like protective system against peroxide damage in sperm membrane lipids.
Gene Name:
GPX5
Uniprot ID:
O75715
Molecular Weight:
25202.14 Da
References
  1. Kraus RJ, Ganther HE: Reaction of cyanide with glutathione peroxidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1980 Oct 16;96(3):1116-22. [7437059 ]
Target Details
33. Extracellular superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn]
General Function:
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function:
Protect the extracellular space from toxic effect of reactive oxygen intermediates by converting superoxide radicals into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen.
Gene Name:
SOD3
Uniprot ID:
P08294
Molecular Weight:
25850.675 Da
References
  1. Lee WG, Hwang JH, Na BK, Cho JH, Lee HW, Cho SH, Kong Y, Song CY, Kim TS: Functional expression of a recombinant copper/zinc superoxide dismutase of filarial nematode, Brugia malayi. J Parasitol. 2005 Feb;91(1):205-8. [15856906 ]
Target Details
34. Glutathione peroxidase 1
General Function:
Sh3 domain binding
Specific Function:
Protects the hemoglobin in erythrocytes from oxidative breakdown.
Gene Name:
GPX1
Uniprot ID:
P07203
Molecular Weight:
22087.94 Da
References
  1. Kraus RJ, Ganther HE: Reaction of cyanide with glutathione peroxidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1980 Oct 16;96(3):1116-22. [7437059 ]
Target Details
35. Glutathione peroxidase 2
General Function:
Glutathione peroxidase activity
Specific Function:
Could play a major role in protecting mammals from the toxicity of ingested organic hydroperoxides. Tert-butyl hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide and linoleic acid hydroperoxide but not phosphatidycholine hydroperoxide, can act as acceptors.
Gene Name:
GPX2
Uniprot ID:
P18283
Molecular Weight:
21953.835 Da
References
  1. Kraus RJ, Ganther HE: Reaction of cyanide with glutathione peroxidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1980 Oct 16;96(3):1116-22. [7437059 ]
Target Details
36. Glutathione peroxidase 3
General Function:
Transcription factor binding
Specific Function:
Protects cells and enzymes from oxidative damage, by catalyzing the reduction of hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxides and organic hydroperoxide, by glutathione.
Gene Name:
GPX3
Uniprot ID:
P22352
Molecular Weight:
25552.185 Da
References
  1. Kraus RJ, Ganther HE: Reaction of cyanide with glutathione peroxidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1980 Oct 16;96(3):1116-22. [7437059 ]
Target Details
37. Glutathione peroxidase 6
General Function:
Glutathione peroxidase activity
Specific Function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
GPX6
Uniprot ID:
P59796
Molecular Weight:
24970.46 Da
References
  1. Kraus RJ, Ganther HE: Reaction of cyanide with glutathione peroxidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1980 Oct 16;96(3):1116-22. [7437059 ]
Target Details
38. Glutathione peroxidase 7
General Function:
Peroxidase activity
Specific Function:
It protects esophageal epithelia from hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. It suppresses acidic bile acid-induced reactive oxigen species (ROS) and protects against oxidative DNA damage and double-strand breaks.
Gene Name:
GPX7
Uniprot ID:
Q96SL4
Molecular Weight:
20995.88 Da
References
  1. Kraus RJ, Ganther HE: Reaction of cyanide with glutathione peroxidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1980 Oct 16;96(3):1116-22. [7437059 ]
Target Details
39. Glutathione reductase, mitochondrial
General Function:
Nadp binding
Specific Function:
Maintains high levels of reduced glutathione in the cytosol.
Gene Name:
GSR
Uniprot ID:
P00390
Molecular Weight:
56256.565 Da
References
  1. Ardelt BK, Borowitz JL, Isom GE: Brain lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protectant mechanisms following acute cyanide intoxication. Toxicology. 1989 Jun 1;56(2):147-54. [2734799 ]
Target Details
40. Hemoglobin subunit alpha
General Function:
Oxygen transporter activity
Specific Function:
Involved in oxygen transport from the lung to the various peripheral tissues.
Gene Name:
HBA1
Uniprot ID:
P69905
Molecular Weight:
15257.405 Da
References
  1. Bolognesi M, Rosano C, Losso R, Borassi A, Rizzi M, Wittenberg JB, Boffi A, Ascenzi P: Cyanide binding to Lucina pectinata hemoglobin I and to sperm whale myoglobin: an x-ray crystallographic study. Biophys J. 1999 Aug;77(2):1093-9. [10423453 ]
Target Details
41. Hemoglobin subunit beta
General Function:
Oxygen transporter activity
Specific Function:
Involved in oxygen transport from the lung to the various peripheral tissues.LVV-hemorphin-7 potentiates the activity of bradykinin, causing a decrease in blood pressure.Spinorphin: functions as an endogenous inhibitor of enkephalin-degrading enzymes such as DPP3, and as a selective antagonist of the P2RX3 receptor which is involved in pain signaling, these properties implicate it as a regulator of pain and inflammation.
Gene Name:
HBB
Uniprot ID:
P68871
Molecular Weight:
15998.34 Da
References
  1. Bolognesi M, Rosano C, Losso R, Borassi A, Rizzi M, Wittenberg JB, Boffi A, Ascenzi P: Cyanide binding to Lucina pectinata hemoglobin I and to sperm whale myoglobin: an x-ray crystallographic study. Biophys J. 1999 Aug;77(2):1093-9. [10423453 ]
Target Details
42. Histone H1.0
General Function:
Poly(a) rna binding
Specific Function:
Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structures. The H1F0 histones are found in cells that are in terminal stages of differentiation or that have low rates of cell division.
Gene Name:
H1F0
Uniprot ID:
P07305
Molecular Weight:
20862.775 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
43. Histone H1.1
General Function:
Chromatin dna binding
Specific Function:
Histone H1 protein binds to linker DNA between nucleosomes forming the macromolecular structure known as the chromatin fiber. Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structured fibers. Acts also as a regulator of individual gene transcription through chromatin remodeling, nucleosome spacing and DNA methylation (By similarity).
Gene Name:
HIST1H1A
Uniprot ID:
Q02539
Molecular Weight:
21841.89 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
44. Histone H1.2
General Function:
Poly(a) rna binding
Specific Function:
Histone H1 protein binds to linker DNA between nucleosomes forming the macromolecular structure known as the chromatin fiber. Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structured fibers. Acts also as a regulator of individual gene transcription through chromatin remodeling, nucleosome spacing and DNA methylation (By similarity).
Gene Name:
HIST1H1C
Uniprot ID:
P16403
Molecular Weight:
21364.57 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
45. Histone H1.3
General Function:
Poly(a) rna binding
Specific Function:
Histone H1 protein binds to linker DNA between nucleosomes forming the macromolecular structure known as the chromatin fiber. Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structured fibers. Acts also as a regulator of individual gene transcription through chromatin remodeling, nucleosome spacing and DNA methylation (By similarity).
Gene Name:
HIST1H1D
Uniprot ID:
P16402
Molecular Weight:
22349.71 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
46. Histone H1.4
General Function:
Poly(a) rna binding
Specific Function:
Histone H1 protein binds to linker DNA between nucleosomes forming the macromolecular structure known as the chromatin fiber. Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structured fibers. Acts also as a regulator of individual gene transcription through chromatin remodeling, nucleosome spacing and DNA methylation (By similarity).
Gene Name:
HIST1H1E
Uniprot ID:
P10412
Molecular Weight:
21865.02 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
47. Histone H1.5
General Function:
Poly(a) rna binding
Specific Function:
Histone H1 protein binds to linker DNA between nucleosomes forming the macromolecular structure known as the chromatin fiber. Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structured fibers. Acts also as a regulator of individual gene transcription through chromatin remodeling, nucleosome spacing and DNA methylation (By similarity).
Gene Name:
HIST1H1B
Uniprot ID:
P16401
Molecular Weight:
22579.945 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
48. Histone H1oo
General Function:
Nucleosomal dna binding
Specific Function:
May play a key role in the control of gene expression during oogenesis and early embryogenesis, presumably through the perturbation of chromatin structure. Essential for meiotic maturation of germinal vesicle-stage oocytes. The somatic type linker histone H1c is rapidly replaced by H1oo in a donor nucleus transplanted into an oocyte. The greater mobility of H1oo as compared to H1c may contribute to this rapid replacement and increased instability of the embryonic chromatin structure. The rapid replacement of H1c with H1oo may play an important role in nuclear remodeling (By similarity).
Gene Name:
H1FOO
Uniprot ID:
Q8IZA3
Molecular Weight:
35813.185 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
49. Histone H1t
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structures.
Gene Name:
HIST1H1T
Uniprot ID:
P22492
Molecular Weight:
22018.82 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
50. Histone H1x
General Function:
Poly(a) rna binding
Specific Function:
Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structures.
Gene Name:
H1FX
Uniprot ID:
Q92522
Molecular Weight:
22487.0 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
51. Histone H2A type 1
General Function:
Enzyme binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2AG
Uniprot ID:
P0C0S8
Molecular Weight:
14091.375 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
52. Histone H2A type 1-A
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2AA
Uniprot ID:
Q96QV6
Molecular Weight:
14233.39 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
53. Histone H2A type 1-B/E
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2AB
Uniprot ID:
P04908
Molecular Weight:
14135.385 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
54. Histone H2A type 1-C
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2AC
Uniprot ID:
Q93077
Molecular Weight:
14105.355 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
55. Histone H2A type 1-D
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2AD
Uniprot ID:
P20671
Molecular Weight:
14107.375 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
56. Histone H2A type 1-H
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2AH
Uniprot ID:
Q96KK5
Molecular Weight:
13906.145 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
57. Histone H2A type 1-J
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2AJ
Uniprot ID:
Q99878
Molecular Weight:
13936.175 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
58. Histone H2A type 2-A
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST2H2AA3
Uniprot ID:
Q6FI13
Molecular Weight:
14095.385 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
59. Histone H2A type 2-B
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST2H2AB
Uniprot ID:
Q8IUE6
Molecular Weight:
13995.205 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
60. Histone H2A type 2-C
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST2H2AC
Uniprot ID:
Q16777
Molecular Weight:
13988.26 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
61. Histone H2A type 3
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST3H2A
Uniprot ID:
Q7L7L0
Molecular Weight:
14121.355 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
62. Histone H2A-Bbd type 1
General Function:
Atypical histone H2A which can replace conventional H2A in some nucleosomes and is associated with active transcription and mRNA processing (PubMed:22795134). Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability (PubMed:15257289, PubMed:16287874, PubMed:16957777, PubMed:17591702, PubMed:17726088, PubMed:18329190, PubMed:22795134). Nucleosomes containing this histone are less rigid and organize less DNA than canonical nucleosomes in vivo (PubMed:15257289, PubMed:16957777, PubMed:17591702, PubMed:24336483). They are enriched in actively transcribed genes and associate with the elongating form of RNA polymerase (PubMed:17591702, PubMed:24753410). They associate with spliceosome components and are required for mRNA splicing (PubMed:22795134).
Specific Function:
Dna binding
Gene Name:
H2AFB1
Uniprot ID:
P0C5Y9
Molecular Weight:
12697.21 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
63. Histone H2A-Bbd type 2/3
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Atypical histone H2A which can replace conventional H2A in some nucleosomes and is associated with active transcription and mRNA processing. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. Nucleosomes containing this histone are less rigid and organize less DNA than canonical nucleosomes in vivo. They are enriched in actively transcribed genes and associate with the elongating form of RNA polymerase. They associate with spliceosome components and are required for mRNA splicing. May participate in spermatogenesis.
Gene Name:
H2AFB2
Uniprot ID:
P0C5Z0
Molecular Weight:
12713.25 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
64. Histone H2A.J
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
H2AFJ
Uniprot ID:
Q9BTM1
Molecular Weight:
14019.3 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
65. Histone H2A.V
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Variant histone H2A which replaces conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. May be involved in the formation of constitutive heterochromatin. May be required for chromosome segregation during cell division (By similarity).
Gene Name:
H2AFV
Uniprot ID:
Q71UI9
Molecular Weight:
13508.575 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
66. Histone H2A.Z
General Function:
Rna polymerase ii distal enhancer sequence-specific dna binding
Specific Function:
Variant histone H2A which replaces conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. May be involved in the formation of constitutive heterochromatin. May be required for chromosome segregation during cell division.
Gene Name:
H2AFZ
Uniprot ID:
P0C0S5
Molecular Weight:
13552.635 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
67. Histone H2AX
General Function:
Histone binding
Specific Function:
Variant histone H2A which replaces conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. Required for checkpoint-mediated arrest of cell cycle progression in response to low doses of ionizing radiation and for efficient repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) specifically when modified by C-terminal phosphorylation.
Gene Name:
H2AFX
Uniprot ID:
P16104
Molecular Weight:
15144.45 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
68. Histone H2B type 1-A
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Variant histone specifically required to direct the transformation of dissociating nucleosomes to protamine in male germ cells. Entirely replaces classical histone H2B prior nucleosome to protamine transition and probably acts as a nucleosome dissociating factor that creates a more dynamic chromatin, facilitating the large-scale exchange of histones. Also expressed maternally and is present in the female pronucleus, suggesting a similar role in protamine replacement by nucleosomes at fertilization (By similarity). Also found in fat cells, its function and the presence of post-translational modifications specific to such cells are still unclear. Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2BA
Uniprot ID:
Q96A08
Molecular Weight:
14167.38 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
69. Histone H2B type 1-B
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2BB
Uniprot ID:
P33778
Molecular Weight:
13950.075 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
70. Histone H2B type 1-C/E/F/G/I
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.Has broad antibacterial activity. May contribute to the formation of the functional antimicrobial barrier of the colonic epithelium, and to the bactericidal activity of amniotic fluid.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2BC
Uniprot ID:
P62807
Molecular Weight:
13906.035 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
71. Histone H2B type 1-D
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2BD
Uniprot ID:
P58876
Molecular Weight:
13936.065 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
72. Histone H2B type 1-H
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2BH
Uniprot ID:
Q93079
Molecular Weight:
13892.005 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
73. Histone H2B type 1-J
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.Has broad antibacterial activity. May contribute to the formation of the functional antimicrobial barrier of the colonic epithelium, and to the bactericidal activity of amniotic fluid.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2BJ
Uniprot ID:
P06899
Molecular Weight:
13904.055 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
74. Histone H2B type 1-K
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.Has broad antibacterial activity. May contribute to the formation of the functional antimicrobial barrier of the colonic epithelium, and to the bactericidal activity of amniotic fluid.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2BK
Uniprot ID:
O60814
Molecular Weight:
13890.035 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
75. Histone H2B type 1-L
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2BL
Uniprot ID:
Q99880
Molecular Weight:
13952.095 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
76. Histone H2B type 1-M
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2BM
Uniprot ID:
Q99879
Molecular Weight:
13989.175 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
77. Histone H2B type 1-N
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2BN
Uniprot ID:
Q99877
Molecular Weight:
13922.035 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
78. Histone H2B type 1-O
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2BO
Uniprot ID:
P23527
Molecular Weight:
13906.025 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
79. Histone H2B type 2-E
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.Has broad antibacterial activity. May contribute to the formation of the functional antimicrobial barrier of the colonic epithelium, and to the bactericidal activity of amniotic fluid.
Gene Name:
HIST2H2BE
Uniprot ID:
Q16778
Molecular Weight:
13920.055 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
80. Histone H2B type 2-F
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST2H2BF
Uniprot ID:
Q5QNW6
Molecular Weight:
13920.065 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
81. Histone H2B type 3-B
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST3H2BB
Uniprot ID:
Q8N257
Molecular Weight:
13908.005 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
82. Histone H2B type F-M
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
H2BFM
Uniprot ID:
P0C1H6
Molecular Weight:
17001.165 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
83. Histone H2B type F-S
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.Has broad antibacterial activity. May contribute to the formation of the functional antimicrobial barrier of the colonic epithelium, and to the bactericidal activity of amniotic fluid.
Gene Name:
H2BFS
Uniprot ID:
P57053
Molecular Weight:
13944.085 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
84. Histone H2B type W-T
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Atypical histone H2B. Nucleosomes containing it are structurally and dynamically indistinguishable from those containing conventional H2B. However, unlike conventional H2B, does not recruit chromosome condensation factors and does not participate in the assembly of mitotic chromosomes. May be important for telomere function.
Gene Name:
H2BFWT
Uniprot ID:
Q7Z2G1
Molecular Weight:
19618.3 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
85. Histone H3-like centromeric protein A
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Histone H3-like variant which exclusively replaces conventional H3 in the nucleosome core of centromeric chromatin at the inner plate of the kinetochore. Required for recruitment and assembly of kinetochore proteins, mitotic progression and chromosome segregation. May serve as an epigenetic mark that propagates centromere identity through replication and cell division. The CENPA-H4 heterotetramer can bind DNA by itself (in vitro).
Gene Name:
CENPA
Uniprot ID:
P49450
Molecular Weight:
15990.395 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
86. Histone H3.1
General Function:
Histone binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H3A
Uniprot ID:
P68431
Molecular Weight:
15403.925 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
87. Histone H3.1t
General Function:
Histone binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST3H3
Uniprot ID:
Q16695
Molecular Weight:
15508.105 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
88. Histone H3.2
General Function:
Histone binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST2H3A
Uniprot ID:
Q71DI3
Molecular Weight:
15387.865 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
89. Histone H3.3
General Function:
Rna polymerase ii distal enhancer sequence-specific dna binding
Specific Function:
Variant histone H3 which replaces conventional H3 in a wide range of nucleosomes in active genes. Constitutes the predominant form of histone H3 in non-dividing cells and is incorporated into chromatin independently of DNA synthesis. Deposited at sites of nucleosomal displacement throughout transcribed genes, suggesting that it represents an epigenetic imprint of transcriptionally active chromatin. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
H3F3A
Uniprot ID:
P84243
Molecular Weight:
15327.745 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
90. Histone H3.3C
General Function:
Nucleosomal dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. Hominid-specific H3.5/H3F3C preferentially colocalizes with euchromatin, and it is associated with actively transcribed genes.
Gene Name:
H3F3C
Uniprot ID:
Q6NXT2
Molecular Weight:
15213.57 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
91. Histone H4
General Function:
Protein domain specific binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H4A
Uniprot ID:
P62805
Molecular Weight:
11367.3 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
92. Histone H4-like protein type G
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling (By similarity).
Gene Name:
HIST1H4G
Uniprot ID:
Q99525
Molecular Weight:
11009.065 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
93. Lysine-specific demethylase 3A
General Function:
Transcription regulatory region sequence-specific dna binding
Specific Function:
Histone demethylase that specifically demethylates 'Lys-9' of histone H3, thereby playing a central role in histone code. Preferentially demethylates mono- and dimethylated H3 'Lys-9' residue, with a preference for dimethylated residue, while it has weak or no activity on trimethylated H3 'Lys-9'. Demethylation of Lys residue generates formaldehyde and succinate. Involved in hormone-dependent transcriptional activation, by participating in recruitment to androgen-receptor target genes, resulting in H3 'Lys-9' demethylation and transcriptional activation. Involved in spermatogenesis by regulating expression of target genes such as PRM1 and TMP1 which are required for packaging and condensation of sperm chromatin. Involved in obesity resistance through regulation of metabolic genes such as PPARA and UCP1.
Gene Name:
KDM3A
Uniprot ID:
Q9Y4C1
Molecular Weight:
147339.98 Da
References
  1. Chen H, Costa M: Iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases: an emerging group of molecular targets for nickel toxicity and carcinogenicity. Biometals. 2009 Feb;22(1):191-6. doi: 10.1007/s10534-008-9190-3. Epub 2008 Dec 19. [19096759 ]
Target Details
94. Lysine-specific demethylase 4A
General Function:
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function:
Histone demethylase that specifically demethylates 'Lys-9' and 'Lys-36' residues of histone H3, thereby playing a central role in histone code. Does not demethylate histone H3 'Lys-4', H3 'Lys-27' nor H4 'Lys-20'. Demethylates trimethylated H3 'Lys-9' and H3 'Lys-36' residue, while it has no activity on mono- and dimethylated residues. Demethylation of Lys residue generates formaldehyde and succinate. Participates in transcriptional repression of ASCL2 and E2F-responsive promoters via the recruitment of histone deacetylases and NCOR1, respectively.Isoform 2: Crucial for muscle differentiation, promotes transcriptional activation of the Myog gene by directing the removal of repressive chromatin marks at its promoter. Lacks the N-terminal demethylase domain.
Gene Name:
KDM4A
Uniprot ID:
O75164
Molecular Weight:
120661.265 Da
References
  1. Chen H, Costa M: Iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases: an emerging group of molecular targets for nickel toxicity and carcinogenicity. Biometals. 2009 Feb;22(1):191-6. doi: 10.1007/s10534-008-9190-3. Epub 2008 Dec 19. [19096759 ]
Target Details
95. Phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase, mitochondrial
General Function:
Phospholipid-hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase activity
Specific Function:
Protects cells against membrane lipid peroxidation and cell death. Required for normal sperm development and male fertility. Could play a major role in protecting mammals from the toxicity of ingested lipid hydroperoxides. Essential for embryonic development. Protects from radiation and oxidative damage.
Gene Name:
GPX4
Uniprot ID:
P36969
Molecular Weight:
22174.52 Da
References
  1. Kraus RJ, Ganther HE: Reaction of cyanide with glutathione peroxidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1980 Oct 16;96(3):1116-22. [7437059 ]
Target Details
96. Probable glutathione peroxidase 8
General Function:
Peroxidase activity
Specific Function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
GPX8
Uniprot ID:
Q8TED1
Molecular Weight:
23880.83 Da
References
  1. Kraus RJ, Ganther HE: Reaction of cyanide with glutathione peroxidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1980 Oct 16;96(3):1116-22. [7437059 ]
Target Details
97. Protamine-2
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Protamines substitute for histones in the chromatin of sperm during the haploid phase of spermatogenesis. They compact sperm DNA into a highly condensed, stable and inactive complex.
Gene Name:
PRM2
Uniprot ID:
P04554
Molecular Weight:
13050.695 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
98. Protamine-3
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Protamines substitute for histones in the chromatin of sperm during the haploid phase of spermatogenesis. They compact sperm DNA into a highly condensed, stable and inactive complex (By similarity).
Gene Name:
PRM3
Uniprot ID:
Q9NNZ6
Molecular Weight:
11232.01 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
99. Putative cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A3, mitochondrial
General Function:
Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
Specific Function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
COX7A2P2
Uniprot ID:
O60397
Molecular Weight:
11840.715 Da
References
  1. Wikipedia. Cyanide poisoning. Last Updated 30 March 2009. [Link]
Target Details
100. Putative histone H2B type 2-D
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST2H2BD
Uniprot ID:
Q6DRA6
Molecular Weight:
18017.875 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
101. Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit alpha isoform
General Function:
Protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
Calcium-dependent, calmodulin-stimulated protein phosphatase. Many of the substrates contain a PxIxIT motif. This subunit may have a role in the calmodulin activation of calcineurin. Dephosphorylates DNM1L, HSPB1 and SSH1.
Gene Name:
PPP3CA
Uniprot ID:
Q08209
Molecular Weight:
58687.27 Da
References
  1. King MM, Huang CY: Activation of calcineurin by nickel ions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1983 Aug 12;114(3):955-61. [6311199 ]
Target Details
102. Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform
General Function:
Protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
Calcium-dependent, calmodulin-stimulated protein phosphatase. This subunit may have a role in the calmodulin activation of calcineurin.
Gene Name:
PPP3CB
Uniprot ID:
P16298
Molecular Weight:
59023.735 Da
References
  1. King MM, Huang CY: Activation of calcineurin by nickel ions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1983 Aug 12;114(3):955-61. [6311199 ]
Target Details
103. Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit gamma isoform
General Function:
Phosphoprotein phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
Calcium-dependent, calmodulin-stimulated protein phosphatase. This subunit may have a role in the calmodulin activation of calcineurin.
Gene Name:
PPP3CC
Uniprot ID:
P48454
Molecular Weight:
58128.865 Da
References
  1. King MM, Huang CY: Activation of calcineurin by nickel ions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1983 Aug 12;114(3):955-61. [6311199 ]
Target Details
104. Sperm protamine P1
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Protamines substitute for histones in the chromatin of sperm during the haploid phase of spermatogenesis. They compact sperm DNA into a highly condensed, stable and inactive complex.
Gene Name:
PRM1
Uniprot ID:
P04553
Molecular Weight:
6822.9 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
105. Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial
General Function:
Ubiquinone binding
Specific Function:
Membrane-anchoring subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q).
Gene Name:
SDHD
Uniprot ID:
O14521
Molecular Weight:
17042.82 Da
References
  1. Ardelt BK, Borowitz JL, Isom GE: Brain lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protectant mechanisms following acute cyanide intoxication. Toxicology. 1989 Jun 1;56(2):147-54. [2734799 ]
Target Details
106. Succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial
General Function:
Succinate dehydrogenase activity
Specific Function:
Membrane-anchoring subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q).
Gene Name:
SDHC
Uniprot ID:
Q99643
Molecular Weight:
18610.03 Da
References
  1. Ardelt BK, Borowitz JL, Isom GE: Brain lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protectant mechanisms following acute cyanide intoxication. Toxicology. 1989 Jun 1;56(2):147-54. [2734799 ]
Target Details
107. Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn]
General Function:
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function:
Destroys radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems.
Gene Name:
SOD1
Uniprot ID:
P00441
Molecular Weight:
15935.685 Da
References
  1. Lee WG, Hwang JH, Na BK, Cho JH, Lee HW, Cho SH, Kong Y, Song CY, Kim TS: Functional expression of a recombinant copper/zinc superoxide dismutase of filarial nematode, Brugia malayi. J Parasitol. 2005 Feb;91(1):205-8. [15856906 ]
Target Details
108. Testis-specific H1 histone
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Essential for normal spermatogenesis and male fertility. Required for proper cell restructuring and DNA condensation during the elongation phase of spermiogenesis. Involved in the histone-protamine transition of sperm chromatin and the subsequent production of functional sperm. Binds both double-stranded and single-stranded DNA, ATP and protamine-1 (By similarity).
Gene Name:
H1FNT
Uniprot ID:
Q75WM6
Molecular Weight:
28115.69 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
109. Tyrosinase
General Function:
Protein homodimerization activity
Specific Function:
This is a copper-containing oxidase that functions in the formation of pigments such as melanins and other polyphenolic compounds. Catalyzes the rate-limiting conversions of tyrosine to DOPA, DOPA to DOPA-quinone and possibly 5,6-dihydroxyindole to indole-5,6 quinone.
Gene Name:
TYR
Uniprot ID:
P14679
Molecular Weight:
60392.69 Da
References
  1. Laufer Z, Beckett RP, Minibayeva FV: Co-occurrence of the multicopper oxidases tyrosinase and laccase in lichens in sub-order peltigerineae. Ann Bot. 2006 Nov;98(5):1035-42. Epub 2006 Sep 1. [16950829 ]
Target Details
110. Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase
General Function:
Xanthine oxidase activity
Specific Function:
Key enzyme in purine degradation. Catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine. Catalyzes the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid. Contributes to the generation of reactive oxygen species. Has also low oxidase activity towards aldehydes (in vitro).
Gene Name:
XDH
Uniprot ID:
P47989
Molecular Weight:
146422.99 Da
References
  1. Bolognesi M, Rosano C, Losso R, Borassi A, Rizzi M, Wittenberg JB, Boffi A, Ascenzi P: Cyanide binding to Lucina pectinata hemoglobin I and to sperm whale myoglobin: an x-ray crystallographic study. Biophys J. 1999 Aug;77(2):1093-9. [10423453 ]