Acrylamide (T3D2573)

IdentificationTaxonomyBiological PropertiesPhysical PropertiesToxicity ProfileSpectraConcentrationsLinksReferencesGene RegulationTargets (50)XML
Targets (50)
Record Information
Version2.0
Creation Date2009-07-05 03:32:38 UTC
Update Date2014-12-24 20:25:43 UTC
Accession NumberT3D2573
Identification
Common NameAcrylamide
ClassSmall Molecule
DescriptionAcrylamide (ACR) is a chemical used in many industries around the world and more recently was found to form naturally in foods cooked at high temperatures. Acrylamide is a neurotoxicant, reproductive toxicant, and carcinogen in animal species. Only the neurotoxic effects have been observed in humans and only at high levels of exposure in occupational settings. The mechanism underlying neurotoxic effects of ACR may be basic to the other toxic effects seen in animals. This mechanism involves interference with the kinesin-related motor proteins in nerve cells or with fusion proteins in the formation of vesicles at the nerve terminus and eventual cell death. Neurotoxicity and resulting behavioral changes can affect reproductive performance of ACR-exposed laboratory animals with resulting decreased reproductive performance. Further, the kinesin motor proteins are important in sperm motility, which could alter reproduction parameters. Effects on kinesin proteins could also explain some of the genotoxic effects on ACR. These proteins form the spindle fibers in the nucleus that function in the separation of chromosomes during cell division. This could explain the clastogenic effects of the chemical noted in a number of tests for genotoxicity and assays for germ cell damage. Other mechanisms underlying ACR-induced carcinogenesis or nerve toxicity are likely related to an affinity for sulfhydryl groups on proteins. Binding of the sulfhydryl groups could inactive proteins/enzymes involved in DNA repair and other critical cell functions. Direct interaction with DNA may or may not be a major mechanism for cancer induction in animals. The DNA adducts that form do not correlate with tumor sites and ACR is mostly negative in gene mutation assays except at high doses that may not be achievable in the diet. All epidemiologic studies fail to show any increased risk of cancer from either high-level occupational exposure or the low levels found in the diet. In fact, two of the epidemiologic studies show a decrease in cancer of the large bowel. A number of risk assessment studies were performed to estimate increased cancer risk. The results of these studies are highly variable depending on the model. There is universal consensus among international food safety groups in all countries that examined the issue of ACR in the diet that not enough information is available at this time to make informed decisions on which to base any regulatory action. Too little is known about levels of this chemical in different foods and the potential risk from dietary exposure. Avoidance of foods containing ACR would result in worse health issues from an unbalanced diet or pathogens from under cooked foods. There is some consensus that low levels of ACR in the diet are not a concern for neurotoxicity or reproductive toxicity in humans, although further research is need to study the long-term, low-level cumulative effects on the nervous system. Any relationship to cancer risk from dietary exposure is hypothetical at this point and awaits more definitive studies. (5).
Compound Type
  • Amide
  • Amine
  • Cigarette Toxin
  • Cosmetic Toxin
  • Food Toxin
  • Household Toxin
  • Industrial Precursor/Intermediate
  • Industrial/Workplace Toxin
  • Metabolite
  • Organic Compound
  • Pollutant
  • Synthetic Compound
Chemical Structure
Thumb
MOLSDF3D-SDFPDBSMILESInChI View 3D Structure
Synonyms
Synonym
2-Propenamide
2-Propeneamide
Acrylagel
Acrylic acid amide
Acrylic amide
Aerofloc 3453
Akrylamid
American cyanamid kpam
American Cyanamid P-250
Amid kyseliny akrylove
Amide propenoate
Amide propenoic acid
Aminogen pa
Amresco Acryl-40
Bio-Gel P 2
BioGel P-100
Cyanamer P 250
Cyanamer P 35
Cytame 5
Dow ET 597
Ethylene carboxamide
Ethylenecarboxamide
Flokonit e
Flygtol GB
Gelamide 250
Himoloc SS 200
K-Pam
Magnafloc R 292
Nacolyte 673
Optimum
Polyacrylamide
Polyacrylamide resin
Polyacrylamide solution
Polyhall 27
Polyhall 402
Polystolon
Polystoron
Porisutoron
Praestol 2800
Prop-2-enamide
Propenamide
Propeneamide
Propenoate
Propenoic acid
Propenoic acid amide
Reten 420
Sanpoly A 520
Solvitose 433
Stipix ad
Stokopol D 2624
Sumirez A 17
Sumirez A 27
Sumitex A 1
Superfloc 84
Superfloc 900
Sursolan P 5
Versicol W 11
Vinyl amide
Chemical FormulaC3H5NO
Average Molecular Mass71.078 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass71.037 g/mol
CAS Registry Number1979-06-01
IUPAC Nameprop-2-enamide
Traditional Nameacrylamide
SMILESOC(=N)C=C
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/C3H5NO/c1-2-3(4)5/h2H,1H2,(H2,4,5)
InChI KeyInChIKey=HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as carboximidic acids. These are organic acids with the general formula RC(=N)-OH (R=H, organic group).
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic acids and derivatives
ClassCarboximidic acids and derivatives
Sub ClassCarboximidic acids
Direct ParentCarboximidic acids
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Carboximidic acid
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginExogenous
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue Locations
  • All Tissues
PathwaysNot Available
ApplicationsNot Available
Biological Roles
Chemical Roles
Physical Properties
StateSolid
AppearanceWhite powder
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting Point84.5 °C
Boiling Point125°C (257°F)
Solubility390 mg/mL at 25 °C
LogP-0.67
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility120 g/LALOGPS
logP-0.65ALOGPS
logP-0.27ChemAxon
logS0.23ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)16.7ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)0.0026ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area43.09 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count1ChemAxon
Refractivity19.11 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability6.88 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateView
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-05dl-9000000000-7803f8bd1c25c6f335932017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-0fbc-9000000000-5172c72b521a27969d002017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-05dl-9000000000-1bf9b49a192db4be57182017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-05dl-9000000000-7803f8bd1c25c6f335932018-05-18View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-0fbc-9000000000-5172c72b521a27969d002018-05-18View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-05dl-9000000000-1bf9b49a192db4be57182018-05-18View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-00b9-9000000000-5bef29cbd40aff79956d2017-09-01View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-05fr-9000000000-7b30073e15256ba58af12012-07-25View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-0udi-9000000000-26ca703d558096e73e802012-07-25View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-0kfx-9000000000-da086ba0e1b4f10d534f2012-07-25View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - EI-B (Unknown) , Positivesplash10-05dl-9000000000-2c812f3ba789fd9496622012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - EI-B (HITACHI RMU-7M) , Positivesplash10-0fbc-9000000000-133d475aa82b7785e9d92012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - EI-B (HITACHI M-60) , Positivesplash10-05dl-9000000000-1a51b235c01925474be92012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-0a4i-9000000000-9abb65794a256ec349d92021-09-20View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-0006-9000000000-731632d5d897092e87932021-09-20View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-0a4i-9000000000-7ae060a514404849e18b2021-09-20View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-0ab9-9000000000-266bb2ee5e50895cafcd2017-09-01View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-0a4i-9000000000-f050957a0d6ea8faffa92017-09-01View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-0a6r-9000000000-c07c1b77eefb52c831b32017-09-01View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-00di-9000000000-aeb4a4f6e2bfac854f782017-09-01View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-00di-9000000000-9dbeef50bde3f71563c72017-09-01View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-0f6x-9000000000-a47b3ab799000bb0943f2017-09-01View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-0a4i-9000000000-3f00472f65fff4471b252021-09-23View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-0a4i-9000000000-f7af528f16b7b525e1d92021-09-23View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-0pbc-9000000000-a4a3d985da910e7d55bd2021-09-23View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-00di-9000000000-824624715e96152c7f472021-09-24View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-006x-9000000000-9c5330c894f80f4d61fe2021-09-24View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-0006-9000000000-90726b17dc36e29c52992021-09-24View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)Not Available2012-12-05View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
2D NMR[1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)Not Available2012-12-05View Spectrum
Toxicity Profile
Route of ExposureInhalation (11) ; dermal (11) ; dermal (11) ; oral (11).
Mechanism of ToxicityAcrylamide produces a central-peripheral distal axonopathy when administered chronically. This is characterized functionally by decreases in the monosynaptic reflex and dorsal root potential and alterations in the characteristics of the dorsal root reflex. Acrylamide's neurotoxic effects may be caused by the disruption of fast axonal transport. Acrylamide is thought to bind to kinesin, which leads to impairment of the fast axonal transport system responsible for the distal delivery of macromolecules. This results in deficiencies in proteins responsible for maintaining axonal structure and function. Acrylamide may also disrupt nitric oxide signaling at nerve terminals by forming adducts with soft nucleophilic sulfhydryl groups on cysteine residues. In terms of reproductive toxicity, data suggest that acrylamide-induced male dominant lethal mutations may involve clastogenic events from binding of acrylamide and/or glycidamide to spermatid protamines or spindle fiber proteins and/or direct alkylation of DNA by glycidamide. Adverse effects on mounting, sperm motility, and intromission could also be related to distal axonopathy resulting from binding of acrylamide to motor proteins. Acrylamide's mechanism of carcinogenicity is likely mutagenic, as the metabolite glycidamide is believed to react with proteins and DNA, causing mutations that persist in viable somatic cells and resulting in tumor formation. In addition, acrylamide's affinity for binding sulfhydryl groups on proteins could inactive proteins/enzymes involved in DNA repair and other critical cell functions. (1, 12, 5)
MetabolismAcrylamide is absorbed following oral, inhalation, and dermal exposure and is widely distributed, tending to accumulate in the red blood cells. In the proposed major metabolic pathway acrylamide reacts with glutathione to form S-beta-propionamide glutathione conjugate which is excreted in the urine as cysteine or N-acetylcysteine derivatives. The major urinary metabolite (accounting for 48% of the excreted dose) is N-acetylcysteine-S-beta-propionamide. Alternately, acrylamide may be oxidized to glycidamide by CYP2E1. Glycidamide then goes on to form similar glutathione conjugates or undergos hydrolysis, leading to the formation of 2,3-dihydroxypropionamide and 2,3-dihydroxypropionicacid. (6, 2, 12)
Toxicity Values0.83 microg/kg/day based on reproductive effects, 1.2 microg/kg/day based on neurotoxicity and 1.5 microg/kg/day based on cancer (8)
Lethal DoseNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)2A, probably carcinogenic to humans. (10)
Uses/SourcesMost acrylamide is used to synthesize polyacrylamides, which find many uses as water-soluble thickeners. Polyacrylamide was first used in a laboratory setting as polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to separate charged molecules. Acrylamide has many other uses in molecular biology laboratories, including the use of linear polyacrylamide (LPA) as a carrier which aids in the precipitation of small amounts of DNA. Many laboratory supply companies sell LPA for this use. Some acrylamide is used in the manufacture of dyes and the manufacture of other monomers. Acrylamide also occurs in many cooked starchy foods, such as potato chips and French fries. (11)
Minimum Risk Level<0.83 microg/kg/day based on reproductive effects, 1.2 microg/kg/day based on neurotoxicity and 1.5 microg/kg/day based on cancer (8)
Health EffectsAcrylamide is neurotoxic and causes the disassembly or rearrangement of intermediate filaments. It may also damage the male reproductive glands and is believed to be carcinogenic. (11)
SymptomsDirect exposure to pure acrylamide by inhalation, skin absorption, or eye contact irritates the exposed mucous membranes and can also cause sweating, urinary incontinence, nausea, myalgia, speech disorders, numbness, paresthesia, and weakened legs and hands. (11)
TreatmentEYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water. INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice. SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention. INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration.
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
DrugBank IDNot Available
HMDB IDHMDB04296
PubChem Compound ID6579
ChEMBL IDNot Available
ChemSpider ID6331
KEGG IDC01659
UniProt IDNot Available
OMIM ID
ChEBI ID28619
BioCyc IDCPD-2204
CTD IDD020106
Stitch IDAcrylamide
PDB IDNot Available
ACToR ID28
Wikipedia LinkAcrylamide
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
MSDSLink
General References
  1. Goldstein BD, Fincher DR: Paradoxical changes in spinal cord reflexes following the acute administration of acrylamide. Toxicol Lett. 1986 May;31(2):93-9. [3715927 ]
  2. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  3. Doroshyenko O, Fuhr U, Kunz D, Frank D, Kinzig M, Jetter A, Reith Y, Lazar A, Taubert D, Kirchheiner J, Baum M, Eisenbrand G, Berger FI, Bertow D, Berkessel A, Sorgel F, Schomig E, Tomalik-Scharte D: In vivo role of cytochrome P450 2E1 and glutathione-S-transferase activity for acrylamide toxicokinetics in humans. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009 Feb;18(2):433-43. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0832. Epub 2009 Feb 3. [19190172 ]
  4. Paulsson B, Rannug A, Henderson AP, Golding BT, Tornqvist M, Warholm M: In vitro studies of the influence of glutathione transferases and epoxide hydrolase on the detoxification of acrylamide and glycidamide in blood. Mutat Res. 2005 Feb 7;580(1-2):53-9. [15668107 ]
  5. Exon JH: A review of the toxicology of acrylamide. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2006 Sep-Oct;9(5):397-412. [17492525 ]
  6. Inoue K: [Analysis and its application for prevention of side-effects of drugs and for evaluation of drug responsiveness]. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2004 Jun;124(6):293-9. [15170064 ]
  7. Lopachin RM, Decaprio AP: Protein adduct formation as a molecular mechanism in neurotoxicity. Toxicol Sci. 2005 Aug;86(2):214-25. Epub 2005 May 18. [15901921 ]
  8. Shipp A, Lawrence G, Gentry R, McDonald T, Bartow H, Bounds J, Macdonald N, Clewell H, Allen B, Van Landingham C: Acrylamide: review of toxicity data and dose-response analyses for cancer and noncancer effects. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2006 Jul-Aug;36(6-7):481-608. [16973444 ]
  9. IARC (1986). Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-Present. (Multivolume work).
  10. International Agency for Research on Cancer (2014). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. [Link]
  11. Wikipedia. Acrylamide. Last Updated 12 July 2009. [Link]
  12. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Gene Regulation
Up-Regulated Genes
GeneGene SymbolGene IDInteractionChromosomeDetails
Down-Regulated Genes
GeneGene SymbolGene IDInteractionChromosomeDetails

Targets

Target Details
1. Chromosome-associated kinesin KIF4A
General Function:
Microtubule motor activity
Specific Function:
Motor protein that translocates PRC1 to the plus ends of interdigitating spindle microtubules during the metaphase to anaphase transition, an essential step for the formation of an organized central spindle midzone and midbody and for successful cytokinesis. May play a role in mitotic chromosomal positioning and bipolar spindle stabilization.
Gene Name:
KIF4A
Uniprot ID:
O95239
Molecular Weight:
139880.015 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
2. Chromosome-associated kinesin KIF4B
General Function:
Microtubule motor activity
Specific Function:
Motor protein that translocates PRC1 to the plus ends of interdigitating spindle microtubules during the metaphase to anaphase transition, an essential step for the formation of an organized central spindle midzone and midbody and for successful cytokinesis. May play a role in mitotic chromosomal positioning and bipolar spindle stabilization (By similarity).
Gene Name:
KIF4B
Uniprot ID:
Q2VIQ3
Molecular Weight:
140034.185 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
3. Kinesin heavy chain isoform 5A
General Function:
Motor activity
Specific Function:
Microtubule-dependent motor required for slow axonal transport of neurofilament proteins (NFH, NFM and NFL).
Gene Name:
KIF5A
Uniprot ID:
Q12840
Molecular Weight:
117377.305 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
4. Kinesin heavy chain isoform 5C
General Function:
Microtubule motor activity
Specific Function:
Mediates dendritic trafficking of mRNAs (By similarity). Kinesin is a microtubule-associated force-producing protein that may play a role in organelle transport.
Gene Name:
KIF5C
Uniprot ID:
O60282
Molecular Weight:
109494.01 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
5. Kinesin light chain 1
General Function:
Motor activity
Specific Function:
Kinesin is a microtubule-associated force-producing protein that may play a role in organelle transport. The light chain may function in coupling of cargo to the heavy chain or in the modulation of its ATPase activity.
Gene Name:
KLC1
Uniprot ID:
Q07866
Molecular Weight:
65309.09 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
6. Kinesin light chain 2
General Function:
Microtubule motor activity
Specific Function:
Kinesin is a microtubule-associated force-producing protein that may play a role in organelle transport. The light chain may function in coupling of cargo to the heavy chain or in the modulation of its ATPase activity (By similarity).
Gene Name:
KLC2
Uniprot ID:
Q9H0B6
Molecular Weight:
68933.985 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
7. Kinesin light chain 3
General Function:
Microtubule motor activity
Specific Function:
Kinesin is a microtubule-associated force-producing protein that may play a role in organelle transport.
Gene Name:
KLC3
Uniprot ID:
Q6P597
Molecular Weight:
55363.715 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
8. Kinesin light chain 4
General Function:
Microtubule motor activity
Specific Function:
Kinesin is a microtubule-associated force-producing protein that may play a role in organelle transport. The light chain may function in coupling of cargo to the heavy chain or in the modulation of its ATPase activity (By similarity).
Gene Name:
KLC4
Uniprot ID:
Q9NSK0
Molecular Weight:
68639.0 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
9. Kinesin-1 heavy chain
General Function:
Microtubule motor activity
Specific Function:
Microtubule-dependent motor required for normal distribution of mitochondria and lysosomes.
Gene Name:
KIF5B
Uniprot ID:
P33176
Molecular Weight:
109684.15 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
10. Kinesin-like protein KIF11
General Function:
Protein kinase binding
Specific Function:
Motor protein required for establishing a bipolar spindle. Blocking of KIF11 prevents centrosome migration and arrest cells in mitosis with monoastral microtubule arrays.
Gene Name:
KIF11
Uniprot ID:
P52732
Molecular Weight:
119158.025 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
11. Kinesin-like protein KIF12
General Function:
Microtubule motor activity
Specific Function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
KIF12
Uniprot ID:
Q96FN5
Molecular Weight:
70659.415 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
12. Kinesin-like protein KIF13A
General Function:
Microtubule motor activity
Specific Function:
Plus end-directed microtubule-dependent motor protein involved in intracellular transport and regulating various processes such as mannose-6-phosphate receptor (M6PR) transport to the plasma membrane, endosomal sorting during melanosome biogenesis and cytokinesis. Mediates the transport of M6PR-containing vesicles from trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane via direct interaction with the AP-1 complex. During melanosome maturation, required for delivering melanogenic enzymes from recycling endosomes to nascent melanosomes by creating peripheral recycling endosomal subdomains in melanocytes. Also required for the abcission step in cytokinesis: mediates translocation of ZFYVE26, and possibly TTC19, to the midbody during cytokinesis.
Gene Name:
KIF13A
Uniprot ID:
Q9H1H9
Molecular Weight:
202306.78 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
13. Kinesin-like protein KIF13B
General Function:
Protein kinase binding
Specific Function:
Involved in reorganization of the cortical cytoskeleton. Regulates axon formation by promoting the formation of extra axons. May be functionally important for the intracellular trafficking of MAGUKs and associated protein complexes.
Gene Name:
KIF13B
Uniprot ID:
Q9NQT8
Molecular Weight:
202786.955 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
14. Kinesin-like protein KIF14
General Function:
Tubulin binding
Specific Function:
Microtubule motor protein that binds to microtubules with high affinity through each tubulin heterodimer and has an ATPase activity (By similarity). Plays a role in many processes like cell division, cytokinesis and also in cell proliferation and apoptosis (PubMed:24784001, PubMed:16648480). During cytokinesis, targets to central spindle and midbody through its interaction with PRC1 and CIT respectively (PubMed:16431929). Regulates cell growth through regulation of cell cycle progression and cytokinesis (PubMed:24854087). During cell cycle progression acts through SCF-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process which controls CDKN1B degradation, resulting in positive regulation of cyclins, including CCNE1, CCND1 and CCNB1 (PubMed:24854087). During late neurogenesis, regulates the cerebellar, cerebral cortex and olfactory bulb development through regulation of apoptosis, cell proliferation and cell division (By similarity). Also is required for chromosome congression and alignment during mitotic cell cycle process (PubMed:15843429). Regulates cell spreading, focal adhesion dynamics, and cell migration through its interaction with RADIL resulting in regulation of RAP1A-mediated inside-out integrin activation by tethering RADIL on microtubules (PubMed:23209302).
Gene Name:
KIF14
Uniprot ID:
Q15058
Molecular Weight:
186490.045 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
15. Kinesin-like protein KIF15
General Function:
Motor activity
Specific Function:
Plus-end directed kinesin-like motor enzyme involved in mitotic spindle assembly.
Gene Name:
KIF15
Uniprot ID:
Q9NS87
Molecular Weight:
160159.205 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
16. Kinesin-like protein KIF16B
General Function:
Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate binding
Specific Function:
Plus end-directed microtubule-dependent motor protein involved in endosome transport and receptor recycling and degradation. Regulates the plus end motility of early endosomes and the balance between recycling and degradation of receptors such as EGF receptor (EGFR) and FGF receptor (FGFR). Regulates the Golgi to endosome transport of FGFR-containing vesicles during early development, a key process for developing basement membrane and epiblast and primitive endoderm lineages during early postimplantation development.
Gene Name:
KIF16B
Uniprot ID:
Q96L93
Molecular Weight:
152010.17 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
17. Kinesin-like protein KIF17
General Function:
Atp-dependent microtubule motor activity, plus-end-directed
Specific Function:
Transports vesicles containing N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor 2B along microtubules.
Gene Name:
KIF17
Uniprot ID:
Q9P2E2
Molecular Weight:
115066.76 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
18. Kinesin-like protein KIF18A
General Function:
Ubiquitin binding
Specific Function:
Microtubule-depolymerizing kinesin which plays a role in chromosome congression by reducing the amplitude of preanaphase oscillations and slowing poleward movement during anaphase, thus suppressing chromosome movements. May stabilize the CENPE-BUB1B complex at the kinetochores during early mitosis and maintains CENPE levels at kinetochores during chromosome congression.
Gene Name:
KIF18A
Uniprot ID:
Q8NI77
Molecular Weight:
102280.305 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
19. Kinesin-like protein KIF18B
General Function:
Motor activity
Specific Function:
In complex with KIF2C, constitutes the major microtubule plus-end depolymerizing activity in mitotic cells. Its major role may be to transport KIF2C and/or MAPRE1 along microtubules.
Gene Name:
KIF18B
Uniprot ID:
Q86Y91
Molecular Weight:
94222.305 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
20. Kinesin-like protein KIF19
General Function:
Atp-dependent microtubule motor activity, plus-end-directed
Specific Function:
Plus end-directed microtubule-dependent motor protein that regulates the length of motile cilia by mediating depolymerization of microtubules at ciliary tips.
Gene Name:
KIF19
Uniprot ID:
Q2TAC6
Molecular Weight:
111331.445 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
21. Kinesin-like protein KIF1A
General Function:
Motor activity
Specific Function:
Motor for anterograde axonal transport of synaptic vesicle precursors.
Gene Name:
KIF1A
Uniprot ID:
Q12756
Molecular Weight:
191062.325 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
22. Kinesin-like protein KIF1B
General Function:
Microtubule motor activity
Specific Function:
Motor for anterograde transport of mitochondria. Has a microtubule plus end-directed motility. Isoform 2 is required for induction of neuronal apoptosis.
Gene Name:
KIF1B
Uniprot ID:
O60333
Molecular Weight:
204474.345 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
23. Kinesin-like protein KIF1C
General Function:
Poly(a) rna binding
Specific Function:
Motor required for the retrograde transport of Golgi vesicles to the endoplasmic reticulum. Has a microtubule plus end-directed motility.
Gene Name:
KIF1C
Uniprot ID:
O43896
Molecular Weight:
122945.52 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
24. Kinesin-like protein KIF20A
General Function:
Transporter activity
Specific Function:
Mitotic kinesin required for chromosome passenger complex (CPC)-mediated cytokinesis. Following phosphorylation by PLK1, involved in recruitment of PLK1 to the central spindle. Interacts with guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-bound forms of RAB6A and RAB6B. May act as a motor required for the retrograde RAB6 regulated transport of Golgi membranes and associated vesicles along microtubules. Has a microtubule plus end-directed motility.
Gene Name:
KIF20A
Uniprot ID:
O95235
Molecular Weight:
100277.125 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
25. Kinesin-like protein KIF20B
General Function:
Ww domain binding
Specific Function:
Plus-end-directed motor enzyme that is required for completion of cytokinesis (PubMed:11470801, PubMed:12740395). Required for proper midbody organization and abscission in polarized cortical stem cells. Plays a role in the regulation of neuronal polarization by mediating the transport of specific cargos. Participates in the mobilization of SHTN1 and in the accumulation of PIP3 in the growth cone of primary hippocampal neurons in a tubulin and actin-dependent manner. In the developing telencephalon, cooperates with SHTN1 to promote both the transition from the multipolar to the bipolar stage and the radial migration of cortical neurons from the ventricular zone toward the superficial layer of the neocortex. Involved in cerebral cortex growth (By similarity). Acts as an oncogene for promoting bladder cancer cells proliferation, apoptosis inhibition and carcinogenic progression (PubMed:17409436).
Gene Name:
KIF20B
Uniprot ID:
Q96Q89
Molecular Weight:
210627.785 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
26. Kinesin-like protein KIF21A
General Function:
Microtubule motor activity
Specific Function:
Microtubule-binding motor protein probably involved in neuronal axonal transport. In vitro, has a plus-end directed motor activity (By similarity).
Gene Name:
KIF21A
Uniprot ID:
Q7Z4S6
Molecular Weight:
187177.505 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
27. Kinesin-like protein KIF21B
General Function:
Microtubule motor activity
Specific Function:
Microtubule-binding motor protein probably involved in neuronal dendritic transport. In vitro, has a plus-end directed motor activity (By similarity).
Gene Name:
KIF21B
Uniprot ID:
O75037
Molecular Weight:
182659.92 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
28. Kinesin-like protein KIF22
General Function:
Microtubule motor activity
Specific Function:
Kinesin family that is involved in spindle formation and the movements of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis. Binds to microtubules and to DNA.
Gene Name:
KIF22
Uniprot ID:
Q14807
Molecular Weight:
73261.38 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
29. Kinesin-like protein KIF23
General Function:
Microtubule motor activity
Specific Function:
Component of the centralspindlin complex that serves as a microtubule-dependent and Rho-mediated signaling required for the myosin contractile ring formation during the cell cycle cytokinesis. Essential for cytokinesis in Rho-mediated signaling. Required for the localization of ECT2 to the central spindle. Plus-end-directed motor enzyme that moves antiparallel microtubules in vitro.
Gene Name:
KIF23
Uniprot ID:
Q02241
Molecular Weight:
110058.175 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
30. Kinesin-like protein KIF24
General Function:
Microtubule motor activity
Specific Function:
Microtubule-dependent motor protein that acts as a negative regulator of ciliogenesis by mediating recruitment of CCP110 to mother centriole in cycling cells, leading to restrict nucleation of cilia at centrioles. Mediates depolymerization of microtubules of centriolar origin, possibly to suppress aberrant cilia formation.
Gene Name:
KIF24
Uniprot ID:
Q5T7B8
Molecular Weight:
151902.055 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
31. Kinesin-like protein KIF25
General Function:
Microtubule motor activity
Specific Function:
Negative regulator of amino acid starvation-induced autophagy.
Gene Name:
KIF25
Uniprot ID:
Q9UIL4
Molecular Weight:
40685.885 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
32. Kinesin-like protein KIF26A
General Function:
Microtubule motor activity
Specific Function:
Atypical kinesin that plays a key role in enteric neuron development. Acts by repressing a cell growth signaling pathway in the enteric nervous system development, possibly via its interaction with GRB2 that prevents GRB2-binding to SHC, thereby attenating the GDNF-Ret signaling. Binds to microtubules but lacks microtubule-based motility due to the absence of ATPase activity (By similarity).
Gene Name:
KIF26A
Uniprot ID:
Q9ULI4
Molecular Weight:
194587.415 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
33. Kinesin-like protein KIF26B
General Function:
Microtubule motor activity
Specific Function:
Essential for embryonic kidney development. Plays an important role in the compact adhesion between mesenchymal cells adjacent to the ureteric buds, possibly by interacting with MYH10. This could lead to the establishment of the basolateral integrity of the mesenchyme and the polarized expression of ITGA8, which maintains the GDNF expression required for further ureteric bud attraction. Although it seems to lack ATPase activity it is constitutively associated with microtubules (By similarity).
Gene Name:
KIF26B
Uniprot ID:
Q2KJY2
Molecular Weight:
223880.805 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
34. Kinesin-like protein KIF27
General Function:
Microtubule motor activity
Specific Function:
Plays an essential role in motile ciliogenesis.
Gene Name:
KIF27
Uniprot ID:
Q86VH2
Molecular Weight:
160282.03 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
35. Kinesin-like protein KIF2A
General Function:
Motor activity
Specific Function:
Plus end-directed microtubule-dependent motor required for normal brain development. May regulate microtubule dynamics during axonal growth. Required for normal progression through mitosis. Required for normal congress of chromosomes at the metaphase plate. Required for normal spindle dynamics during mitosis. Promotes spindle turnover. Implicated in formation of bipolar mitotic spindles. Has microtubule depolymerization activity.
Gene Name:
KIF2A
Uniprot ID:
O00139
Molecular Weight:
79953.875 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
36. Kinesin-like protein KIF2B
General Function:
Microtubule motor activity
Specific Function:
Plus end-directed microtubule-dependent motor required for spindle assembly and chromosome movement. Has microtubule depolymerization activity.
Gene Name:
KIF2B
Uniprot ID:
Q8N4N8
Molecular Weight:
76253.17 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
37. Kinesin-like protein KIF2C
General Function:
Microtubule plus-end binding
Specific Function:
In complex with KIF18B, constitutes the major microtubule plus-end depolymerizing activity in mitotic cells. Regulates the turnover of microtubules at the kinetochore and functions in chromosome segregation during mitosis.
Gene Name:
KIF2C
Uniprot ID:
Q99661
Molecular Weight:
81312.16 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
38. Kinesin-like protein KIF3A
General Function:
Spectrin binding
Specific Function:
Microtubule-based anterograde translocator for membranous organelles. Plus end-directed microtubule sliding activity in vitro. Plays a role in primary cilia formation (By similarity).
Gene Name:
KIF3A
Uniprot ID:
Q9Y496
Molecular Weight:
80040.19 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
39. Kinesin-like protein KIF3B
General Function:
Rho gtpase binding
Specific Function:
Involved in tethering the chromosomes to the spindle pole and in chromosome movement. Microtubule-based anterograde translocator for membranous organelles. Plus end-directed microtubule sliding activity in vitro (By similarity).
Gene Name:
KIF3B
Uniprot ID:
O15066
Molecular Weight:
85124.58 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
40. Kinesin-like protein KIF3C
General Function:
Motor activity
Specific Function:
Microtubule-based anterograde translocator for membranous organelles.
Gene Name:
KIF3C
Uniprot ID:
O14782
Molecular Weight:
89425.56 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
41. Kinesin-like protein KIF6
General Function:
Microtubule motor activity
Specific Function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
KIF6
Uniprot ID:
Q6ZMV9
Molecular Weight:
92568.405 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
42. Kinesin-like protein KIF7
General Function:
Microtubule motor activity
Specific Function:
Essential for hedgehog signaling regulation: acts as both a negative and positive regulator of sonic hedgehog (Shh) and Indian hedgehog (Ihh) pathways, acting downstream of SMO, through both SUFU-dependent and -independent mechanisms (PubMed:21633164). Involved in the regulation of microtubular dynamics. Required for proper organization of the ciliary tip and control of ciliary localization of SUFU-GLI2 complexes (By similarity). Required for localization of GLI3 to cilia in response to Shh. Negatively regulates Shh signaling by preventing inappropriate activation of the transcriptional activator GLI2 in the absence of ligand. Positively regulates Shh signaling by preventing the processing of the transcription factor GLI3 into its repressor form. In keratinocytes, promotes the dissociation of SUFU-GLI2 complexes, GLI2 nuclear translocation and Shh signaling activation (By similarity). Involved in the regulation of epidermal differentiation and chondrocyte development (By similarity).
Gene Name:
KIF7
Uniprot ID:
Q2M1P5
Molecular Weight:
150585.79 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
43. Kinesin-like protein KIF9
General Function:
Protein dimerization activity
Specific Function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
KIF9
Uniprot ID:
Q9HAQ2
Molecular Weight:
89985.725 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
44. Kinesin-like protein KIFC1
General Function:
Microtubule motor activity
Specific Function:
Minus end-directed microtubule-dependent motor required for bipolar spindle formation (PubMed:15843429). May contribute to movement of early endocytic vesicles (By similarity). Regulates cilium formation and structure (By similarity).
Gene Name:
KIFC1
Uniprot ID:
Q9BW19
Molecular Weight:
73747.05 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
45. Kinesin-like protein KIFC2
General Function:
Microtubule motor activity
Specific Function:
May play a role in microtubule-dependent retrograde axonal transport. May function as the motor for the transport of multivesicular body (MVB)-like organelles in dendrites (By similarity).
Gene Name:
KIFC2
Uniprot ID:
Q96AC6
Molecular Weight:
90146.445 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
46. Kinesin-like protein KIFC3
General Function:
Microtubule motor activity
Specific Function:
Minus-end microtubule-dependent motor protein. Involved in apically targeted transport (By similarity). Required for zonula adherens maintenance.
Gene Name:
KIFC3
Uniprot ID:
Q9BVG8
Molecular Weight:
92774.13 Da
References
  1. Settels E, Bernauer U, Palavinskas R, Klaffke HS, Gundert-Remy U, Appel KE: Human CYP2E1 mediates the formation of glycidamide from acrylamide. Arch Toxicol. 2008 Oct;82(10):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s00204-008-0296-8. Epub 2008 Apr 17. [18418580 ]
  2. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
47. D(3) dopamine receptor
General Function:
G-protein coupled amine receptor activity
Specific Function:
Dopamine receptor whose activity is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase. Promotes cell proliferation.
Gene Name:
DRD3
Uniprot ID:
P35462
Molecular Weight:
44224.335 Da
References
  1. Mach UR, Hackling AE, Perachon S, Ferry S, Wermuth CG, Schwartz JC, Sokoloff P, Stark H: Development of novel 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives and closely related compounds as potent and selective dopamine D3 receptor ligands. Chembiochem. 2004 Apr 2;5(4):508-18. [15185375 ]
48. DNA
General Function:
Used for biological information storage.
Specific Function:
DNA contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce.
Molecular Weight:
2.15 x 1012 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009). Toxicological profile for acrylamide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
49. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
General Function:
Peptidyl-cysteine s-nitrosylase activity
Specific Function:
Has both glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and nitrosylase activities, thereby playing a role in glycolysis and nuclear functions, respectively. Participates in nuclear events including transcription, RNA transport, DNA replication and apoptosis. Nuclear functions are probably due to the nitrosylase activity that mediates cysteine S-nitrosylation of nuclear target proteins such as SIRT1, HDAC2 and PRKDC. Modulates the organization and assembly of the cytoskeleton. Facilitates the CHP1-dependent microtubule and membrane associations through its ability to stimulate the binding of CHP1 to microtubules (By similarity). Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is a key enzyme in glycolysis that catalyzes the first step of the pathway by converting D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) into 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate. Component of the GAIT (gamma interferon-activated inhibitor of translation) complex which mediates interferon-gamma-induced transcript-selective translation inhibition in inflammation processes. Upon interferon-gamma treatment assembles into the GAIT complex which binds to stem loop-containing GAIT elements in the 3'-UTR of diverse inflammatory mRNAs (such as ceruplasmin) and suppresses their translation.
Gene Name:
GAPDH
Uniprot ID:
P04406
Molecular Weight:
36053.0 Da
References
  1. Martyniuk CJ, Fang B, Koomen JM, Gavin T, Zhang L, Barber DS, Lopachin RM: Molecular mechanism of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase inactivation by alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl derivatives. Chem Res Toxicol. 2011 Dec 19;24(12):2302-11. doi: 10.1021/tx200437y. Epub 2011 Nov 29. [22084934 ]
Target Details
50. Prostaglandin E2 receptor EP3 subtype
General Function:
Rna polymerase ii transcription factor activity, ligand-activated sequence-specific dna binding
Specific Function:
Receptor for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2); the EP3 receptor may be involved in inhibition of gastric acid secretion, modulation of neurotransmitter release in central and peripheral neurons, inhibition of sodium and water reabsorption in kidney tubulus and contraction in uterine smooth muscle. The activity of this receptor can couple to both the inhibition of adenylate cyclase mediated by G-I proteins, and to an elevation of intracellular calcium. The various isoforms have identical ligand binding properties but can interact with different second messenger systems (By similarity).
Gene Name:
PTGER3
Uniprot ID:
P43115
Molecular Weight:
43309.335 Da
References
  1. Clark P, Rowland SE, Denis D, Mathieu MC, Stocco R, Poirier H, Burch J, Han Y, Audoly L, Therien AG, Xu D: MF498 [N-{[4-(5,9-Diethoxy-6-oxo-6,8-dihydro-7H-pyrrolo[3,4-g]quinolin-7-yl)-3-methylbe nzyl]sulfonyl}-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)acetamide], a selective E prostanoid receptor 4 antagonist, relieves joint inflammation and pain in rodent models of rheumatoid and osteoarthritis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008 May;325(2):425-34. doi: 10.1124/jpet.107.134510. Epub 2008 Feb 20. [18287210 ]