Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

NameGlyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Synonyms
  • 1.2.1.12
  • GAPD
  • GAPDH
  • Peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylase GAPDH
Gene NameGAPDH
OrganismHuman
Amino acid sequence
>lcl|BSEQ0037043|Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
MGKVKVGVNGFGRIGRLVTRAAFNSGKVDIVAINDPFIDLNYMVYMFQYDSTHGKFHGTV
KAENGKLVINGNPITIFQERDPSKIKWGDAGAEYVVESTGVFTTMEKAGAHLQGGAKRVI
ISAPSADAPMFVMGVNHEKYDNSLKIISNASCTTNCLAPLAKVIHDNFGIVEGLMTTVHA
ITATQKTVDGPSGKLWRDGRGALQNIIPASTGAAKAVGKVIPELNGKLTGMAFRVPTANV
SVVDLTCRLEKPAKYDDIKKVVKQASEGPLKGILGYTEHQVVSSDFNSDTHSSTFDAGAG
IALNDHFVKLISWYDNEFGYSNRVVDLMAHMASKE
Number of residues335
Molecular Weight36053.0
Theoretical pI8.73
GO Classification
Functions
  • NAD binding
  • glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) (phosphorylating) activity
  • microtubule binding
  • peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylase activity
  • NADP binding
  • identical protein binding
Processes
  • negative regulation of translation
  • protein stabilization
  • gluconeogenesis
  • cellular response to interferon-gamma
  • microtubule cytoskeleton organization
  • small molecule metabolic process
  • carbohydrate metabolic process
  • peptidyl-cysteine S-trans-nitrosylation
  • glucose metabolic process
  • neuron apoptotic process
  • canonical glycolysis
Components
  • plasma membrane
  • vesicle
  • cytosol
  • GAIT complex
  • extracellular exosome
  • nuclear membrane
  • perinuclear region of cytoplasm
  • cytoplasm
  • membrane
  • intracellular membrane-bounded organelle
  • ribonucleoprotein complex
  • lipid particle
  • microtubule cytoskeleton
  • nucleus
General FunctionPeptidyl-cysteine s-nitrosylase activity
Specific FunctionHas both glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and nitrosylase activities, thereby playing a role in glycolysis and nuclear functions, respectively. Participates in nuclear events including transcription, RNA transport, DNA replication and apoptosis. Nuclear functions are probably due to the nitrosylase activity that mediates cysteine S-nitrosylation of nuclear target proteins such as SIRT1, HDAC2 and PRKDC. Modulates the organization and assembly of the cytoskeleton. Facilitates the CHP1-dependent microtubule and membrane associations through its ability to stimulate the binding of CHP1 to microtubules (By similarity). Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is a key enzyme in glycolysis that catalyzes the first step of the pathway by converting D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) into 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate. Component of the GAIT (gamma interferon-activated inhibitor of translation) complex which mediates interferon-gamma-induced transcript-selective translation inhibition in inflammation processes. Upon interferon-gamma treatment assembles into the GAIT complex which binds to stem loop-containing GAIT elements in the 3'-UTR of diverse inflammatory mRNAs (such as ceruplasmin) and suppresses their translation.
Pfam Domain Function
Transmembrane RegionsNot Available
GenBank Protein ID31645
UniProtKB IDP04406
UniProtKB Entry NameG3P_HUMAN
Cellular LocationCytoplasm
Gene sequence
>lcl|BSEQ0018970|Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)
ATGGTTTACATGTTCCAATATGATTCCACCCATGGCAAATTCCATGGCACCGTCAAGGCT
GAGAACGGGAAGCTTGTCATCAATGGAAATCCCATCACCATCTTCCAGGAGCGAGATCCC
TCCAAAATCAAGTGGGGCGATGCTGGCGCTGAGTACGTCGTGGAGTCCACTGGCGTCTTC
ACCACCATGGAGAAGGCTGGGGCTCATTTGCAGGGGGGAGCCAAAAGGGTCATCATCTCT
GCCCCCTCTGCTGATGCCCCCATGTTCGTCATGGGTGTGAACCATGAGAAGTATGACAAC
AGCCTCAAGATCATCAGCAATGCCTCCTGCACCACCAACTGCTTAGCACCCCTGGCCAAG
GTCATCCATGACAACTTTGGTATCGTGGAAGGACTCATGACCACAGTCCATGCCATCACT
GCCACCCAGAAGACTGTGGATGGCCCCTCCGGGAAACTGTGGCGTGATGGCCGCGGGGCT
CTCCAGAACATCATCCCTGCCTCTACTGGCGCTGCCAAGGCTGTGGGCAAGGTCATCCCT
GAGCTGAACGGGAAGCTCACTGGCATGGCCTTCCGTGTCCCCACTGCCAACGTGTCAGTG
GTGGACCTGACCTGCCGTCTAGAAAAACCTGCCAAATATGATGACATCAAGAAGGTGGTG
AAGCAGGCGTCGGAGGGCCCCCTCAAGGGCATCCTGGGCTACACTGAGCACCAGGTGGTC
TCCTCTGACTTCAACAGCGACACCCACTCCTCCACCTTTGACGCTGGGGCTGGCATTGCC
CTCAACGACCACTTTGTCAAGCTCATTTCCTGGTATGACAACGAATTTGGCTACAGCAAC
AGGGTGGTGGACCTCATGGCCCACATGGCCTCCAAGGAGTAA
GenBank Gene IDX01677
GeneCard IDNot Available
GenAtlas IDGAPDH
HGNC IDHGNC:4141
Chromosome Location12
Locus12p13
References
  1. Hanauer A, Mandel JL: The glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase gene family: structure of a human cDNA and of an X chromosome linked pseudogene; amazing complexity of the gene family in mouse. EMBO J. 1984 Nov;3(11):2627-33. 6096136
  2. Arcari P, Martinelli R, Salvatore F: The complete sequence of a full length cDNA for human liver glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase: evidence for multiple mRNA species. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Dec 11;12(23):9179-89. 6096821
  3. Tso JY, Sun XH, Kao TH, Reece KS, Wu R: Isolation and characterization of rat and human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase cDNAs: genomic complexity and molecular evolution of the gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1985 Apr 11;13(7):2485-502. 2987855
  4. Tokunaga K, Nakamura Y, Sakata K, Fujimori K, Ohkubo M, Sawada K, Sakiyama S: Enhanced expression of a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene in human lung cancers. Cancer Res. 1987 Nov 1;47(21):5616-9. 3664468
  5. Allen RW, Trach KA, Hoch JA: Identification of the 37-kDa protein displaying a variable interaction with the erythroid cell membrane as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem. 1987 Jan 15;262(2):649-53. 3027061
  6. Ercolani L, Florence B, Denaro M, Alexander M: Isolation and complete sequence of a functional human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene. J Biol Chem. 1988 Oct 25;263(30):15335-41. 3170585
  7. Meyer-Siegler K, Mauro DJ, Seal G, Wurzer J, deRiel JK, Sirover MA: A human nuclear uracil DNA glycosylase is the 37-kDa subunit of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Oct 1;88(19):8460-4. 1924305
  8. Ye Z, Connor JR: cDNA cloning by amplification of circularized first strand cDNAs reveals non-IRE-regulated iron-responsive mRNAs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Aug 18;275(1):223-7. 10944468
  9. Scherer SE, Muzny DM, Buhay CJ, Chen R, Cree A, Ding Y, Dugan-Rocha S, Gill R, Gunaratne P, Harris RA, Hawes AC, Hernandez J, Hodgson AV, Hume J, Jackson A, Khan ZM, Kovar-Smith C, Lewis LR, Lozado RJ, Metzker ML, Milosavljevic A, Miner GR, Montgomery KT, Morgan MB, Nazareth LV, Scott G, Sodergren E, Song XZ, Steffen D, Lovering RC, Wheeler DA, Worley KC, Yuan Y, Zhang Z, Adams CQ, Ansari-Lari MA, Ayele M, Brown MJ, Chen G, Chen Z, Clerc-Blankenburg KP, Davis C, Delgado O, Dinh HH, Draper H, Gonzalez-Garay ML, Havlak P, Jackson LR, Jacob LS, Kelly SH, Li L, Li Z, Liu J, Liu W, Lu J, Maheshwari M, Nguyen BV, Okwuonu GO, Pasternak S, Perez LM, Plopper FJ, Santibanez J, Shen H, Tabor PE, Verduzco D, Waldron L, Wang Q, Williams GA, Zhang J, Zhou J, Allen CC, Amin AG, Anyalebechi V, Bailey M, Barbaria JA, Bimage KE, Bryant NP, Burch PE, Burkett CE, Burrell KL, Calderon E, Cardenas V, Carter K, Casias K, Cavazos I, Cavazos SR, Ceasar H, Chacko J, Chan SN, Chavez D, Christopoulos C, Chu J, Cockrell R, Cox CD, Dang M, Dathorne SR, David R, Davis CM, Davy-Carroll L, Deshazo DR, Donlin JE, D'Souza L, Eaves KA, Egan A, Emery-Cohen AJ, Escotto M, Flagg N, Forbes LD, Gabisi AM, Garza M, Hamilton C, Henderson N, Hernandez O, Hines S, Hogues ME, Huang M, Idlebird DG, Johnson R, Jolivet A, Jones S, Kagan R, King LM, Leal B, Lebow H, Lee S, LeVan JM, Lewis LC, London P, Lorensuhewa LM, Loulseged H, Lovett DA, Lucier A, Lucier RL, Ma J, Madu RC, Mapua P, Martindale AD, Martinez E, Massey E, Mawhiney S, Meador MG, Mendez S, Mercado C, Mercado IC, Merritt CE, Miner ZL, Minja E, Mitchell T, Mohabbat F, Mohabbat K, Montgomery B, Moore N, Morris S, Munidasa M, Ngo RN, Nguyen NB, Nickerson E, Nwaokelemeh OO, Nwokenkwo S, Obregon M, Oguh M, Oragunye N, Oviedo RJ, Parish BJ, Parker DN, Parrish J, Parks KL, Paul HA, Payton BA, Perez A, Perrin W, Pickens A, Primus EL, Pu LL, Puazo M, Quiles MM, Quiroz JB, Rabata D, Reeves K, Ruiz SJ, Shao H, Sisson I, Sonaike T, Sorelle RP, Sutton AE, Svatek AF, Svetz LA, Tamerisa KS, Taylor TR, Teague B, Thomas N, Thorn RD, Trejos ZY, Trevino BK, Ukegbu ON, Urban JB, Vasquez LI, Vera VA, Villasana DM, Wang L, Ward-Moore S, Warren JT, Wei X, White F, Williamson AL, Wleczyk R, Wooden HS, Wooden SH, Yen J, Yoon L, Yoon V, Zorrilla SE, Nelson D, Kucherlapati R, Weinstock G, Gibbs RA: The finished DNA sequence of human chromosome 12. Nature. 2006 Mar 16;440(7082):346-51. 16541075
  10. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. 15489334
  11. Nowak K, Wolny M, Banas T: The complete amino acid sequence of human muscle glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. FEBS Lett. 1981 Nov 16;134(2):143-6. 7030790
  12. Gevaert K, Goethals M, Martens L, Van Damme J, Staes A, Thomas GR, Vandekerckhove J: Exploring proteomes and analyzing protein processing by mass spectrometric identification of sorted N-terminal peptides. Nat Biotechnol. 2003 May;21(5):566-9. Epub 2003 Mar 31. 12665801
  13. Kovalyov LI, Shishkin SS, Efimochkin AS, Kovalyova MA, Ershova ES, Egorov TA, Musalyamov AK: The major protein expression profile and two-dimensional protein database of human heart. Electrophoresis. 1995 Jul;16(7):1160-9. 7498159
  14. Nowak K, Kuczek M, Ostropolska L, Malarska A, Wolny M, Baranowski T: The covalent structure of glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase from human muscles. Isolation and amino acid sequences of peptides from tryptic digest. Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem. 1975 Jul;356(7):1181-3. 1193541
  15. Tisdale EJ: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is phosphorylated by protein kinase Ciota /lambda and plays a role in microtubule dynamics in the early secretory pathway. J Biol Chem. 2002 Feb 1;277(5):3334-41. Epub 2001 Nov 27. 11724794
  16. Mazzola JL, Sirover MA: Subcellular localization of human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is independent of its glycolytic function. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2003 Jun 20;1622(1):50-6. 12829261
  17. Sampath P, Mazumder B, Seshadri V, Gerber CA, Chavatte L, Kinter M, Ting SM, Dignam JD, Kim S, Driscoll DM, Fox PL: Noncanonical function of glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase: gene-specific silencing of translation. Cell. 2004 Oct 15;119(2):195-208. 15479637
  18. Wakasugi K, Nakano T, Morishima I: Oxidative stress-responsive intracellular regulation specific for the angiostatic form of human tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. Biochemistry. 2005 Jan 11;44(1):225-32. 15628863
  19. Rush J, Moritz A, Lee KA, Guo A, Goss VL, Spek EJ, Zhang H, Zha XM, Polakiewicz RD, Comb MJ: Immunoaffinity profiling of tyrosine phosphorylation in cancer cells. Nat Biotechnol. 2005 Jan;23(1):94-101. Epub 2004 Dec 12. 15592455
  20. Olsen JV, Blagoev B, Gnad F, Macek B, Kumar C, Mortensen P, Mann M: Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks. Cell. 2006 Nov 3;127(3):635-48. 17081983
  21. Bosch-Comas A, Lindsten K, Gonzalez-Duarte R, Masucci MG, Marfany G: The ubiquitin-specific protease USP25 interacts with three sarcomeric proteins. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2006 Mar;63(6):723-34. 16501887
  22. Wong JJ, Pung YF, Sze NS, Chin KC: HERC5 is an IFN-induced HECT-type E3 protein ligase that mediates type I IFN-induced ISGylation of protein targets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Jul 11;103(28):10735-40. Epub 2006 Jun 30. 16815975
  23. Seo J, Jeong J, Kim YM, Hwang N, Paek E, Lee KJ: Strategy for comprehensive identification of post-translational modifications in cellular proteins, including low abundant modifications: application to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. J Proteome Res. 2008 Feb;7(2):587-602. doi: 10.1021/pr700657y. 18183946
  24. Dephoure N, Zhou C, Villen J, Beausoleil SA, Bakalarski CE, Elledge SJ, Gygi SP: A quantitative atlas of mitotic phosphorylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Aug 5;105(31):10762-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0805139105. Epub 2008 Jul 31. 18669648
  25. Gauci S, Helbig AO, Slijper M, Krijgsveld J, Heck AJ, Mohammed S: Lys-N and trypsin cover complementary parts of the phosphoproteome in a refined SCX-based approach. Anal Chem. 2009 Jun 1;81(11):4493-501. doi: 10.1021/ac9004309. 19413330
  26. Jarczowski F, Jahreis G, Erdmann F, Schierhorn A, Fischer G, Edlich F: FKBP36 is an inherent multifunctional glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor. J Biol Chem. 2009 Jan 9;284(2):766-73. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M709779200. Epub 2008 Nov 10. 19001379
  27. Mayya V, Lundgren DH, Hwang SI, Rezaul K, Wu L, Eng JK, Rodionov V, Han DK: Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of T cell receptor signaling reveals system-wide modulation of protein-protein interactions. Sci Signal. 2009 Aug 18;2(84):ra46. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.2000007. 19690332
  28. Choudhary C, Kumar C, Gnad F, Nielsen ML, Rehman M, Walther TC, Olsen JV, Mann M: Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions. Science. 2009 Aug 14;325(5942):834-40. doi: 10.1126/science.1175371. Epub 2009 Jul 16. 19608861
  29. Rakitina TV, Bogatova OV, Smirnova EV, Pozdeev VI, Kostanian IA, Lipkin VM: [Haponin (eIF1AD) interacts with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in the CHO-K1 cell line]. Bioorg Khim. 2010 May-Jun;36(3):312-8. 20644585
  30. Olsen JV, Vermeulen M, Santamaria A, Kumar C, Miller ML, Jensen LJ, Gnad F, Cox J, Jensen TS, Nigg EA, Brunak S, Mann M: Quantitative phosphoproteomics reveals widespread full phosphorylation site occupancy during mitosis. Sci Signal. 2010 Jan 12;3(104):ra3. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.2000475. 20068231
  31. Burkard TR, Planyavsky M, Kaupe I, Breitwieser FP, Burckstummer T, Bennett KL, Superti-Furga G, Colinge J: Initial characterization of the human central proteome. BMC Syst Biol. 2011 Jan 26;5:17. doi: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-17. 21269460
  32. Peng C, Lu Z, Xie Z, Cheng Z, Chen Y, Tan M, Luo H, Zhang Y, He W, Yang K, Zwaans BM, Tishkoff D, Ho L, Lombard D, He TC, Dai J, Verdin E, Ye Y, Zhao Y: The first identification of lysine malonylation substrates and its regulatory enzyme. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2011 Dec;10(12):M111.012658. doi: 10.1074/mcp.M111.012658. Epub 2011 Sep 9. 21908771
  33. Rigbolt KT, Prokhorova TA, Akimov V, Henningsen J, Johansen PT, Kratchmarova I, Kassem M, Mann M, Olsen JV, Blagoev B: System-wide temporal characterization of the proteome and phosphoproteome of human embryonic stem cell differentiation. Sci Signal. 2011 Mar 15;4(164):rs3. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.2001570. 21406692
  34. Rosenow A, Noben JP, Jocken J, Kallendrusch S, Fischer-Posovszky P, Mariman EC, Renes J: Resveratrol-induced changes of the human adipocyte secretion profile. J Proteome Res. 2012 Sep 7;11(9):4733-43. doi: 10.1021/pr300539b. Epub 2012 Aug 27. 22905912
  35. Jia J, Arif A, Willard B, Smith JD, Stuehr DJ, Hazen SL, Fox PL: Protection of extraribosomal RPL13a by GAPDH and dysregulation by S-nitrosylation. Mol Cell. 2012 Aug 24;47(4):656-63. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.06.006. Epub 2012 Jul 5. 22771119
  36. Arif A, Chatterjee P, Moodt RA, Fox PL: Heterotrimeric GAIT complex drives transcript-selective translation inhibition in murine macrophages. Mol Cell Biol. 2012 Dec;32(24):5046-55. doi: 10.1128/MCB.01168-12. Epub 2012 Oct 15. 23071094
  37. Van Damme P, Lasa M, Polevoda B, Gazquez C, Elosegui-Artola A, Kim DS, De Juan-Pardo E, Demeyer K, Hole K, Larrea E, Timmerman E, Prieto J, Arnesen T, Sherman F, Gevaert K, Aldabe R: N-terminal acetylome analyses and functional insights of the N-terminal acetyltransferase NatB. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Jul 31;109(31):12449-54. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1210303109. Epub 2012 Jul 18. 22814378
  38. Jia J, Arif A, Terenzi F, Willard B, Plow EF, Hazen SL, Fox PL: Target-selective protein S-nitrosylation by sequence motif recognition. Cell. 2014 Oct 23;159(3):623-34. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.032. Epub 2014 Oct 16. 25417112
  39. Samson AL, Knaupp AS, Kass I, Kleifeld O, Marijanovic EM, Hughes VA, Lupton CJ, Buckle AM, Bottomley SP, Medcalf RL: Oxidation of an exposed methionine instigates the aggregation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem. 2014 Sep 26;289(39):26922-36. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M114.570275. Epub 2014 Aug 1. 25086035
  40. Bian Y, Song C, Cheng K, Dong M, Wang F, Huang J, Sun D, Wang L, Ye M, Zou H: An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome. J Proteomics. 2014 Jan 16;96:253-62. doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.014. Epub 2013 Nov 22. 24275569
  41. Vaca Jacome AS, Rabilloud T, Schaeffer-Reiss C, Rompais M, Ayoub D, Lane L, Bairoch A, Van Dorsselaer A, Carapito C: N-terminome analysis of the human mitochondrial proteome. Proteomics. 2015 Jul;15(14):2519-24. doi: 10.1002/pmic.201400617. Epub 2015 Jun 8. 25944712
  42. Mercer WD, Winn SI, Watson HC: Twinning in crystals of human skeletal muscle D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. J Mol Biol. 1976 Jun 14;104(1):277-83. 957435
  43. Ismail SA, Park HW: Structural analysis of human liver glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2005 Nov;61(Pt 11):1508-13. Epub 2005 Oct 19. 16239728
  44. Jenkins JL, Tanner JJ: High-resolution structure of human D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2006 Mar;62(Pt 3):290-301. Epub 2006 Feb 22. 16510976