Nickel hydroxide (T3D0693)

IdentificationTaxonomyBiological PropertiesPhysical PropertiesToxicity ProfileSpectraConcentrationsLinksReferencesGene RegulationTargets (68)XML
Targets (68)
Record Information
Version2.0
Creation Date2009-03-23 01:52:15 UTC
Update Date2014-12-24 20:22:34 UTC
Accession NumberT3D0693
Identification
Common NameNickel hydroxide
ClassSmall Molecule
DescriptionNickel hydroxide is a hydroxide of nickel. It occurs naturally as the mineral theophrastite, which is very rare. Nickel hydroxide is used in rechargeable battery electrodes. Nickel is a chemical compound with the atomic number 28. It is found abundantly in nature in laterite ore minerals, such as limonite, garnierite, and pentlandite. Nickel has a biological role and is found in certain enzymes, including urease, hydrogenase, methylcoenzyme M reductase, and carbon monoxide dehydrogenase. (2, 3, 5)
Compound Type
  • Industrial/Workplace Toxin
  • Inorganic Compound
  • Natural Compound
  • Nickel Compound
  • Pollutant
Chemical Structure
Thumb
MOLSDFPDBSMILESInChI
Synonyms
Synonym
Ni(OH)2
Nickel dihydroxide
Nickel hydroxide (amorphous)
Nickel hydroxide(ous)
Nickel(II) hydroxide
Nickelous hydroxide
Chemical FormulaH2NiO2
Average Molecular Mass92.708 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass91.941 g/mol
CAS Registry Number12054-48-7
IUPAC Namenickeldiol
Traditional Namenickeldiol
SMILESO[Ni]O
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/Ni.2H2O/h;2*1H2/q+2;;/p-2
InChI KeyInChIKey=BFDHFSHZJLFAMC-UHFFFAOYSA-L
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as transition metal hydroxides. These are inorganic compounds in which the largest oxoanion is hydroxide, and in which the heaviest atom not in an oxoanion is a transition metal.
KingdomInorganic compounds
Super ClassMixed metal/non-metal compounds
ClassTransition metal oxoanionic compounds
Sub ClassTransition metal hydroxides
Direct ParentTransition metal hydroxides
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Transition metal hydroxide
  • Inorganic hydride
  • Inorganic oxide
  • Inorganic salt
  • Inorganic nickel compound
Molecular FrameworkNot Available
External DescriptorsNot Available
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginExogenous
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
PathwaysNot Available
ApplicationsNot Available
Biological RolesNot Available
Chemical RolesNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
AppearanceGreen crystals.
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting Point230°C (decomposes)
Boiling PointNot Available
SolubilityNot Available
LogPNot Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
logP-1.8ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Acidic)15.88ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-2.3ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area40.46 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count0ChemAxon
Refractivity5.13 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability4.53 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateView
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-0006-9000000000-9dc2998d7da88fc4fc432016-08-01View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-0006-9000000000-9dc2998d7da88fc4fc432016-08-01View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-0006-9000000000-9dc2998d7da88fc4fc432016-08-01View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-0006-9000000000-5c5ca210a3cd3af4fa5d2016-08-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-0006-9000000000-5c5ca210a3cd3af4fa5d2016-08-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-0006-9000000000-5c5ca210a3cd3af4fa5d2016-08-03View Spectrum
Toxicity Profile
Route of ExposureInhalation (3) ; oral (3) ; dermal (3)
Mechanism of ToxicityNickel is known to substitute for other essential elements in certain enzmes, such as calcineurin. It is genotoxic, and some nickel compounds have been shown to promote cell proliferation. Nickel has a high affinity for chromatin proteins, particularly histones and protamines. The complexing of nickel ions with heterochromatin results in a number of alterations including condensation, DNA hypermethylation, gene silencing, and inhibition of histone acetylation, which have been shown to disturb gene expression. Nickel has also been shown to alter several transcription factors, including hypoxia-inducible transcription factor, activating transcription factor, and NF-KB transcription factor. There is also evidence that nickel ions inhibit DNA repair, either by directly inhibiting DNA repair enzymes or competing with zinc ions for binding to zinc-finger DNA binding proteins, resulting in structural changes in DNA that prevent repair enzymes from binding. Nickel ions can also complex with a number of cellular ligands including amino acids, peptides, and proteins resulting in the generation of oxygen radicals, which induce base damage, DNA strand breaks, and DNA protein crosslinks. (3, 1)
MetabolismNickel is absorbed mainly through the lungs and gastrointestinal tract. Once in the body it enters the bloodstream, where it binds to albumin, L-histidine, and _2-macroglobulin. Nickel tends to accumulate in the lungs, thyroid, kidney, heart, and liver. Absorbed nickel is excreted in the urine, wherease unabsorbed nickel is excreted in the faeces. (3)
Toxicity ValuesLD50: 60 mg/kg (Subcutaneous, Mouse) (8)
Lethal DoseNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)1, carcinogenic to humans. (7)
Uses/SourcesNickel hydroxide is used in rechargeable battery electrodes. (5)
Minimum Risk LevelIntermediate Inhalation: 0.0002 mg/m3 (6) Chronic Inhalation: 0.00009 mg/m3 (6)
Health EffectsThe most common harmful health effect of nickel in humans is an allergic reaction. This usually manifests as a skin rash, although some people experience asthma attacks. Long term inhahation of nickel causes chronic bronchitis and reduced lung function, as well as damage to the naval cavity. Ingestion of excess nickel results in damage to the stomach, blood, liver, kidneys, and immune system, as well as having adverse effects on reproduction and development. (3)
SymptomsSymptoms of nickel poisoning include headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, irritability, and difficulty sleeping, followed by chest pains, sweating, rapid heart beat, and a dry cough. (4)
TreatmentExcess exposure to nickel is usually handled by preventing further exposure and symptomatic treatment. Nickel poisoning may also be treated using chelation therapy with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate. (4)
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
DrugBank IDNot Available
HMDB IDNot Available
PubChem Compound ID61534
ChEMBL IDNot Available
ChemSpider ID55452
KEGG IDNot Available
UniProt IDNot Available
OMIM ID
ChEBI IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
CTD IDC037473
Stitch IDNickel hydroxide
PDB IDNot Available
ACToR IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
MSDST3D0693.pdf
General References
  1. King MM, Huang CY: Activation of calcineurin by nickel ions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1983 Aug 12;114(3):955-61. [6311199 ]
  2. Wikipedia. Nickel. Last Updated 22 March 2009. [Link]
  3. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
  4. Redmond JC (2008). Nickel Poisoning. LoveToKnow. [Link]
  5. Wikipedia. Nickel(II) hydroxide. Last Updated 12 March 2009. [Link]
  6. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2001). Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) for Hazardous Substances. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
  7. International Agency for Research on Cancer (2014). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. [Link]
  8. The Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory of Oxford University (2005). Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for nickel hydroxide. [Link]
Gene Regulation
Up-Regulated GenesNot Available
Down-Regulated GenesNot Available

Targets

Target Details
1. DNA oxidative demethylase ALKBH2
General Function:
Ferrous iron binding
Specific Function:
Dioxygenase that repairs alkylated DNA and RNA containing 1-methyladenine and 3-methylcytosine by oxidative demethylation. Can also repair alkylated DNA containing 1-ethenoadenine (in vitro). Has strong preference for double-stranded DNA. Has low efficiency with single-stranded substrates. Requires molecular oxygen, alpha-ketoglutarate and iron.
Gene Name:
ALKBH2
Uniprot ID:
Q6NS38
Molecular Weight:
29322.22 Da
References
  1. Chen H, Costa M: Iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases: an emerging group of molecular targets for nickel toxicity and carcinogenicity. Biometals. 2009 Feb;22(1):191-6. doi: 10.1007/s10534-008-9190-3. Epub 2008 Dec 19. [19096759 ]
Target Details
2. Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase alkB homolog 3
General Function:
L-ascorbic acid binding
Specific Function:
Dioxygenase that repairs alkylated DNA containing 1-methyladenine (1meA) and 3-methylcytosine (3meC) by oxidative demethylation. Has a strong preference for single-stranded DNA. Able to process alkylated 3mC within double-stranded regions via its interaction with ASCC3, which promotes DNA unwinding to generate single-stranded substrate needed for ALKHB3. May also act on RNA. Requires molecular oxygen, alpha-ketoglutarate and iron.
Gene Name:
ALKBH3
Uniprot ID:
Q96Q83
Molecular Weight:
33374.495 Da
References
  1. Chen H, Costa M: Iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases: an emerging group of molecular targets for nickel toxicity and carcinogenicity. Biometals. 2009 Feb;22(1):191-6. doi: 10.1007/s10534-008-9190-3. Epub 2008 Dec 19. [19096759 ]
Target Details
3. Calcineurin subunit B type 1
General Function:
Protein domain specific binding
Specific Function:
Regulatory subunit of calcineurin, a calcium-dependent, calmodulin stimulated protein phosphatase. Confers calcium sensitivity.
Gene Name:
PPP3R1
Uniprot ID:
P63098
Molecular Weight:
19299.785 Da
References
  1. King MM, Huang CY: Activation of calcineurin by nickel ions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1983 Aug 12;114(3):955-61. [6311199 ]
Target Details
4. Calcineurin subunit B type 2
General Function:
Calcium ion binding
Specific Function:
Regulatory subunit of calcineurin, a calcium-dependent, calmodulin stimulated protein phosphatase. Confers calcium sensitivity (By similarity).
Gene Name:
PPP3R2
Uniprot ID:
Q96LZ3
Molecular Weight:
19533.065 Da
References
  1. King MM, Huang CY: Activation of calcineurin by nickel ions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1983 Aug 12;114(3):955-61. [6311199 ]
Target Details
5. Egl nine homolog 1
General Function:
Peptidyl-proline dioxygenase activity
Specific Function:
Cellular oxygen sensor that catalyzes, under normoxic conditions, the post-translational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) alpha proteins. Hydroxylates a specific proline found in each of the oxygen-dependent degradation (ODD) domains (N-terminal, NODD, and C-terminal, CODD) of HIF1A. Also hydroxylates HIF2A. Has a preference for the CODD site for both HIF1A and HIF1B. Hydroxylated HIFs are then targeted for proteasomal degradation via the von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitination complex. Under hypoxic conditions, the hydroxylation reaction is attenuated allowing HIFs to escape degradation resulting in their translocation to the nucleus, heterodimerization with HIF1B, and increased expression of hypoxy-inducible genes. EGLN1 is the most important isozyme under normoxia and, through regulating the stability of HIF1, involved in various hypoxia-influenced processes such as angiogenesis in retinal and cardiac functionality. Target proteins are preferentially recognized via a LXXLAP motif.
Gene Name:
EGLN1
Uniprot ID:
Q9GZT9
Molecular Weight:
46020.585 Da
References
  1. Chen H, Costa M: Iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases: an emerging group of molecular targets for nickel toxicity and carcinogenicity. Biometals. 2009 Feb;22(1):191-6. doi: 10.1007/s10534-008-9190-3. Epub 2008 Dec 19. [19096759 ]
Target Details
6. Egl nine homolog 2
General Function:
Peptidyl-proline 4-dioxygenase activity
Specific Function:
Cellular oxygen sensor that catalyzes, under normoxic conditions, the post-translational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) alpha proteins. Hydroxylates a specific proline found in each of the oxygen-dependent degradation (ODD) domains (N-terminal, NODD, and C-terminal, CODD) of HIF1A. Also hydroxylates HIF2A. Has a preference for the CODD site for both HIF1A and HIF2A. Hydroxylated HIFs are then targeted for proteasomal degradation via the von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitination complex. Under hypoxic conditions, the hydroxylation reaction is attenuated allowing HIFs to escape degradation resulting in their translocation to the nucleus, heterodimerization with HIF1B, and increased expression of hypoxy-inducible genes. EGLN2 is involved in regulating hypoxia tolerance and apoptosis in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Also regulates susceptibility to normoxic oxidative neuronal death. Links oxygen sensing to cell cycle and primary cilia formation by hydroxylating the critical centrosome component CEP192 which promotes its ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation. Hydroxylates IKBKB, mediating NF-kappaB activation in hypoxic conditions. Target proteins are preferentially recognized via a LXXLAP motif.
Gene Name:
EGLN2
Uniprot ID:
Q96KS0
Molecular Weight:
43650.03 Da
References
  1. Chen H, Costa M: Iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases: an emerging group of molecular targets for nickel toxicity and carcinogenicity. Biometals. 2009 Feb;22(1):191-6. doi: 10.1007/s10534-008-9190-3. Epub 2008 Dec 19. [19096759 ]
Target Details
7. Egl nine homolog 3
General Function:
Peptidyl-proline 4-dioxygenase activity
Specific Function:
Cellular oxygen sensor that catalyzes, under normoxic conditions, the post-translational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) alpha proteins. Hydroxylates a specific proline found in each of the oxygen-dependent degradation (ODD) domains (N-terminal, NODD, and C-terminal, CODD) of HIF1A. Also hydroxylates HIF2A. Has a preference for the CODD site for both HIF1A and HIF2A. Hydroxylation on the NODD site by EGLN3 appears to require prior hydroxylation on the CODD site. Hydroxylated HIFs are then targeted for proteasomal degradation via the von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitination complex. Under hypoxic conditions, the hydroxylation reaction is attenuated allowing HIFs to escape degradation resulting in their translocation to the nucleus, heterodimerization with HIF1B, and increased expression of hypoxy-inducible genes. EGLN3 is the most important isozyme in limiting physiological activation of HIFs (particularly HIF2A) in hypoxia. Also hydroxylates PKM in hypoxia, limiting glycolysis. Under normoxia, hydroxylates and regulates the stability of ADRB2. Regulator of cardiomyocyte and neuronal apoptosis. In cardiomyocytes, inhibits the anti-apoptotic effect of BCL2 by disrupting the BAX-BCL2 complex. In neurons, has a NGF-induced proapoptotic effect, probably through regulating CASP3 activity. Also essential for hypoxic regulation of neutrophilic inflammation. Plays a crucial role in DNA damage response (DDR) by hydroxylating TELO2, promoting its interaction with ATR which is required for activation of the ATR/CHK1/p53 pathway. Target proteins are preferentially recognized via a LXXLAP motif.
Gene Name:
EGLN3
Uniprot ID:
Q9H6Z9
Molecular Weight:
27261.06 Da
References
  1. Chen H, Costa M: Iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases: an emerging group of molecular targets for nickel toxicity and carcinogenicity. Biometals. 2009 Feb;22(1):191-6. doi: 10.1007/s10534-008-9190-3. Epub 2008 Dec 19. [19096759 ]
Target Details
8. Histone H1.0
General Function:
Poly(a) rna binding
Specific Function:
Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structures. The H1F0 histones are found in cells that are in terminal stages of differentiation or that have low rates of cell division.
Gene Name:
H1F0
Uniprot ID:
P07305
Molecular Weight:
20862.775 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
9. Histone H1.1
General Function:
Chromatin dna binding
Specific Function:
Histone H1 protein binds to linker DNA between nucleosomes forming the macromolecular structure known as the chromatin fiber. Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structured fibers. Acts also as a regulator of individual gene transcription through chromatin remodeling, nucleosome spacing and DNA methylation (By similarity).
Gene Name:
HIST1H1A
Uniprot ID:
Q02539
Molecular Weight:
21841.89 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
10. Histone H1.2
General Function:
Poly(a) rna binding
Specific Function:
Histone H1 protein binds to linker DNA between nucleosomes forming the macromolecular structure known as the chromatin fiber. Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structured fibers. Acts also as a regulator of individual gene transcription through chromatin remodeling, nucleosome spacing and DNA methylation (By similarity).
Gene Name:
HIST1H1C
Uniprot ID:
P16403
Molecular Weight:
21364.57 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
11. Histone H1.3
General Function:
Poly(a) rna binding
Specific Function:
Histone H1 protein binds to linker DNA between nucleosomes forming the macromolecular structure known as the chromatin fiber. Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structured fibers. Acts also as a regulator of individual gene transcription through chromatin remodeling, nucleosome spacing and DNA methylation (By similarity).
Gene Name:
HIST1H1D
Uniprot ID:
P16402
Molecular Weight:
22349.71 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
12. Histone H1.4
General Function:
Poly(a) rna binding
Specific Function:
Histone H1 protein binds to linker DNA between nucleosomes forming the macromolecular structure known as the chromatin fiber. Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structured fibers. Acts also as a regulator of individual gene transcription through chromatin remodeling, nucleosome spacing and DNA methylation (By similarity).
Gene Name:
HIST1H1E
Uniprot ID:
P10412
Molecular Weight:
21865.02 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
13. Histone H1.5
General Function:
Poly(a) rna binding
Specific Function:
Histone H1 protein binds to linker DNA between nucleosomes forming the macromolecular structure known as the chromatin fiber. Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structured fibers. Acts also as a regulator of individual gene transcription through chromatin remodeling, nucleosome spacing and DNA methylation (By similarity).
Gene Name:
HIST1H1B
Uniprot ID:
P16401
Molecular Weight:
22579.945 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
14. Histone H1oo
General Function:
Nucleosomal dna binding
Specific Function:
May play a key role in the control of gene expression during oogenesis and early embryogenesis, presumably through the perturbation of chromatin structure. Essential for meiotic maturation of germinal vesicle-stage oocytes. The somatic type linker histone H1c is rapidly replaced by H1oo in a donor nucleus transplanted into an oocyte. The greater mobility of H1oo as compared to H1c may contribute to this rapid replacement and increased instability of the embryonic chromatin structure. The rapid replacement of H1c with H1oo may play an important role in nuclear remodeling (By similarity).
Gene Name:
H1FOO
Uniprot ID:
Q8IZA3
Molecular Weight:
35813.185 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
15. Histone H1t
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structures.
Gene Name:
HIST1H1T
Uniprot ID:
P22492
Molecular Weight:
22018.82 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
16. Histone H1x
General Function:
Poly(a) rna binding
Specific Function:
Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structures.
Gene Name:
H1FX
Uniprot ID:
Q92522
Molecular Weight:
22487.0 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
17. Histone H2A type 1
General Function:
Enzyme binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2AG
Uniprot ID:
P0C0S8
Molecular Weight:
14091.375 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
18. Histone H2A type 1-A
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2AA
Uniprot ID:
Q96QV6
Molecular Weight:
14233.39 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
19. Histone H2A type 1-B/E
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2AB
Uniprot ID:
P04908
Molecular Weight:
14135.385 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
20. Histone H2A type 1-C
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2AC
Uniprot ID:
Q93077
Molecular Weight:
14105.355 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
21. Histone H2A type 1-D
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2AD
Uniprot ID:
P20671
Molecular Weight:
14107.375 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
22. Histone H2A type 1-H
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2AH
Uniprot ID:
Q96KK5
Molecular Weight:
13906.145 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
23. Histone H2A type 1-J
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2AJ
Uniprot ID:
Q99878
Molecular Weight:
13936.175 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
24. Histone H2A type 2-A
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST2H2AA3
Uniprot ID:
Q6FI13
Molecular Weight:
14095.385 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
25. Histone H2A type 2-B
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST2H2AB
Uniprot ID:
Q8IUE6
Molecular Weight:
13995.205 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
26. Histone H2A type 2-C
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST2H2AC
Uniprot ID:
Q16777
Molecular Weight:
13988.26 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
27. Histone H2A type 3
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST3H2A
Uniprot ID:
Q7L7L0
Molecular Weight:
14121.355 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
28. Histone H2A-Bbd type 1
General Function:
Atypical histone H2A which can replace conventional H2A in some nucleosomes and is associated with active transcription and mRNA processing (PubMed:22795134). Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability (PubMed:15257289, PubMed:16287874, PubMed:16957777, PubMed:17591702, PubMed:17726088, PubMed:18329190, PubMed:22795134). Nucleosomes containing this histone are less rigid and organize less DNA than canonical nucleosomes in vivo (PubMed:15257289, PubMed:16957777, PubMed:17591702, PubMed:24336483). They are enriched in actively transcribed genes and associate with the elongating form of RNA polymerase (PubMed:17591702, PubMed:24753410). They associate with spliceosome components and are required for mRNA splicing (PubMed:22795134).
Specific Function:
Dna binding
Gene Name:
H2AFB1
Uniprot ID:
P0C5Y9
Molecular Weight:
12697.21 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
29. Histone H2A-Bbd type 2/3
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Atypical histone H2A which can replace conventional H2A in some nucleosomes and is associated with active transcription and mRNA processing. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. Nucleosomes containing this histone are less rigid and organize less DNA than canonical nucleosomes in vivo. They are enriched in actively transcribed genes and associate with the elongating form of RNA polymerase. They associate with spliceosome components and are required for mRNA splicing. May participate in spermatogenesis.
Gene Name:
H2AFB2
Uniprot ID:
P0C5Z0
Molecular Weight:
12713.25 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
30. Histone H2A.J
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
H2AFJ
Uniprot ID:
Q9BTM1
Molecular Weight:
14019.3 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
31. Histone H2A.V
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Variant histone H2A which replaces conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. May be involved in the formation of constitutive heterochromatin. May be required for chromosome segregation during cell division (By similarity).
Gene Name:
H2AFV
Uniprot ID:
Q71UI9
Molecular Weight:
13508.575 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
32. Histone H2A.Z
General Function:
Rna polymerase ii distal enhancer sequence-specific dna binding
Specific Function:
Variant histone H2A which replaces conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. May be involved in the formation of constitutive heterochromatin. May be required for chromosome segregation during cell division.
Gene Name:
H2AFZ
Uniprot ID:
P0C0S5
Molecular Weight:
13552.635 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
33. Histone H2AX
General Function:
Histone binding
Specific Function:
Variant histone H2A which replaces conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. Required for checkpoint-mediated arrest of cell cycle progression in response to low doses of ionizing radiation and for efficient repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) specifically when modified by C-terminal phosphorylation.
Gene Name:
H2AFX
Uniprot ID:
P16104
Molecular Weight:
15144.45 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
34. Histone H2B type 1-A
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Variant histone specifically required to direct the transformation of dissociating nucleosomes to protamine in male germ cells. Entirely replaces classical histone H2B prior nucleosome to protamine transition and probably acts as a nucleosome dissociating factor that creates a more dynamic chromatin, facilitating the large-scale exchange of histones. Also expressed maternally and is present in the female pronucleus, suggesting a similar role in protamine replacement by nucleosomes at fertilization (By similarity). Also found in fat cells, its function and the presence of post-translational modifications specific to such cells are still unclear. Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2BA
Uniprot ID:
Q96A08
Molecular Weight:
14167.38 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
35. Histone H2B type 1-B
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2BB
Uniprot ID:
P33778
Molecular Weight:
13950.075 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
36. Histone H2B type 1-C/E/F/G/I
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.Has broad antibacterial activity. May contribute to the formation of the functional antimicrobial barrier of the colonic epithelium, and to the bactericidal activity of amniotic fluid.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2BC
Uniprot ID:
P62807
Molecular Weight:
13906.035 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
37. Histone H2B type 1-D
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2BD
Uniprot ID:
P58876
Molecular Weight:
13936.065 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
38. Histone H2B type 1-H
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2BH
Uniprot ID:
Q93079
Molecular Weight:
13892.005 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
39. Histone H2B type 1-J
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.Has broad antibacterial activity. May contribute to the formation of the functional antimicrobial barrier of the colonic epithelium, and to the bactericidal activity of amniotic fluid.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2BJ
Uniprot ID:
P06899
Molecular Weight:
13904.055 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
40. Histone H2B type 1-K
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.Has broad antibacterial activity. May contribute to the formation of the functional antimicrobial barrier of the colonic epithelium, and to the bactericidal activity of amniotic fluid.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2BK
Uniprot ID:
O60814
Molecular Weight:
13890.035 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
41. Histone H2B type 1-L
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2BL
Uniprot ID:
Q99880
Molecular Weight:
13952.095 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
42. Histone H2B type 1-M
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2BM
Uniprot ID:
Q99879
Molecular Weight:
13989.175 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
43. Histone H2B type 1-N
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2BN
Uniprot ID:
Q99877
Molecular Weight:
13922.035 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
44. Histone H2B type 1-O
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2BO
Uniprot ID:
P23527
Molecular Weight:
13906.025 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
45. Histone H2B type 2-E
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.Has broad antibacterial activity. May contribute to the formation of the functional antimicrobial barrier of the colonic epithelium, and to the bactericidal activity of amniotic fluid.
Gene Name:
HIST2H2BE
Uniprot ID:
Q16778
Molecular Weight:
13920.055 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
46. Histone H2B type 2-F
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST2H2BF
Uniprot ID:
Q5QNW6
Molecular Weight:
13920.065 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
47. Histone H2B type 3-B
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST3H2BB
Uniprot ID:
Q8N257
Molecular Weight:
13908.005 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
48. Histone H2B type F-M
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
H2BFM
Uniprot ID:
P0C1H6
Molecular Weight:
17001.165 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
49. Histone H2B type F-S
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.Has broad antibacterial activity. May contribute to the formation of the functional antimicrobial barrier of the colonic epithelium, and to the bactericidal activity of amniotic fluid.
Gene Name:
H2BFS
Uniprot ID:
P57053
Molecular Weight:
13944.085 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
50. Histone H2B type W-T
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Atypical histone H2B. Nucleosomes containing it are structurally and dynamically indistinguishable from those containing conventional H2B. However, unlike conventional H2B, does not recruit chromosome condensation factors and does not participate in the assembly of mitotic chromosomes. May be important for telomere function.
Gene Name:
H2BFWT
Uniprot ID:
Q7Z2G1
Molecular Weight:
19618.3 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
51. Histone H3-like centromeric protein A
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Histone H3-like variant which exclusively replaces conventional H3 in the nucleosome core of centromeric chromatin at the inner plate of the kinetochore. Required for recruitment and assembly of kinetochore proteins, mitotic progression and chromosome segregation. May serve as an epigenetic mark that propagates centromere identity through replication and cell division. The CENPA-H4 heterotetramer can bind DNA by itself (in vitro).
Gene Name:
CENPA
Uniprot ID:
P49450
Molecular Weight:
15990.395 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
52. Histone H3.1
General Function:
Histone binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H3A
Uniprot ID:
P68431
Molecular Weight:
15403.925 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
53. Histone H3.1t
General Function:
Histone binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST3H3
Uniprot ID:
Q16695
Molecular Weight:
15508.105 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
54. Histone H3.2
General Function:
Histone binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST2H3A
Uniprot ID:
Q71DI3
Molecular Weight:
15387.865 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
55. Histone H3.3
General Function:
Rna polymerase ii distal enhancer sequence-specific dna binding
Specific Function:
Variant histone H3 which replaces conventional H3 in a wide range of nucleosomes in active genes. Constitutes the predominant form of histone H3 in non-dividing cells and is incorporated into chromatin independently of DNA synthesis. Deposited at sites of nucleosomal displacement throughout transcribed genes, suggesting that it represents an epigenetic imprint of transcriptionally active chromatin. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
H3F3A
Uniprot ID:
P84243
Molecular Weight:
15327.745 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
56. Histone H3.3C
General Function:
Nucleosomal dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. Hominid-specific H3.5/H3F3C preferentially colocalizes with euchromatin, and it is associated with actively transcribed genes.
Gene Name:
H3F3C
Uniprot ID:
Q6NXT2
Molecular Weight:
15213.57 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
57. Histone H4
General Function:
Protein domain specific binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H4A
Uniprot ID:
P62805
Molecular Weight:
11367.3 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
58. Histone H4-like protein type G
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling (By similarity).
Gene Name:
HIST1H4G
Uniprot ID:
Q99525
Molecular Weight:
11009.065 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
59. Lysine-specific demethylase 3A
General Function:
Transcription regulatory region sequence-specific dna binding
Specific Function:
Histone demethylase that specifically demethylates 'Lys-9' of histone H3, thereby playing a central role in histone code. Preferentially demethylates mono- and dimethylated H3 'Lys-9' residue, with a preference for dimethylated residue, while it has weak or no activity on trimethylated H3 'Lys-9'. Demethylation of Lys residue generates formaldehyde and succinate. Involved in hormone-dependent transcriptional activation, by participating in recruitment to androgen-receptor target genes, resulting in H3 'Lys-9' demethylation and transcriptional activation. Involved in spermatogenesis by regulating expression of target genes such as PRM1 and TMP1 which are required for packaging and condensation of sperm chromatin. Involved in obesity resistance through regulation of metabolic genes such as PPARA and UCP1.
Gene Name:
KDM3A
Uniprot ID:
Q9Y4C1
Molecular Weight:
147339.98 Da
References
  1. Chen H, Costa M: Iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases: an emerging group of molecular targets for nickel toxicity and carcinogenicity. Biometals. 2009 Feb;22(1):191-6. doi: 10.1007/s10534-008-9190-3. Epub 2008 Dec 19. [19096759 ]
Target Details
60. Lysine-specific demethylase 4A
General Function:
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function:
Histone demethylase that specifically demethylates 'Lys-9' and 'Lys-36' residues of histone H3, thereby playing a central role in histone code. Does not demethylate histone H3 'Lys-4', H3 'Lys-27' nor H4 'Lys-20'. Demethylates trimethylated H3 'Lys-9' and H3 'Lys-36' residue, while it has no activity on mono- and dimethylated residues. Demethylation of Lys residue generates formaldehyde and succinate. Participates in transcriptional repression of ASCL2 and E2F-responsive promoters via the recruitment of histone deacetylases and NCOR1, respectively.Isoform 2: Crucial for muscle differentiation, promotes transcriptional activation of the Myog gene by directing the removal of repressive chromatin marks at its promoter. Lacks the N-terminal demethylase domain.
Gene Name:
KDM4A
Uniprot ID:
O75164
Molecular Weight:
120661.265 Da
References
  1. Chen H, Costa M: Iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases: an emerging group of molecular targets for nickel toxicity and carcinogenicity. Biometals. 2009 Feb;22(1):191-6. doi: 10.1007/s10534-008-9190-3. Epub 2008 Dec 19. [19096759 ]
Target Details
61. Protamine-2
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Protamines substitute for histones in the chromatin of sperm during the haploid phase of spermatogenesis. They compact sperm DNA into a highly condensed, stable and inactive complex.
Gene Name:
PRM2
Uniprot ID:
P04554
Molecular Weight:
13050.695 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
62. Protamine-3
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Protamines substitute for histones in the chromatin of sperm during the haploid phase of spermatogenesis. They compact sperm DNA into a highly condensed, stable and inactive complex (By similarity).
Gene Name:
PRM3
Uniprot ID:
Q9NNZ6
Molecular Weight:
11232.01 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
63. Putative histone H2B type 2-D
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST2H2BD
Uniprot ID:
Q6DRA6
Molecular Weight:
18017.875 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
64. Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit alpha isoform
General Function:
Protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
Calcium-dependent, calmodulin-stimulated protein phosphatase. Many of the substrates contain a PxIxIT motif. This subunit may have a role in the calmodulin activation of calcineurin. Dephosphorylates DNM1L, HSPB1 and SSH1.
Gene Name:
PPP3CA
Uniprot ID:
Q08209
Molecular Weight:
58687.27 Da
References
  1. King MM, Huang CY: Activation of calcineurin by nickel ions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1983 Aug 12;114(3):955-61. [6311199 ]
Target Details
65. Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform
General Function:
Protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
Calcium-dependent, calmodulin-stimulated protein phosphatase. This subunit may have a role in the calmodulin activation of calcineurin.
Gene Name:
PPP3CB
Uniprot ID:
P16298
Molecular Weight:
59023.735 Da
References
  1. King MM, Huang CY: Activation of calcineurin by nickel ions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1983 Aug 12;114(3):955-61. [6311199 ]
Target Details
66. Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit gamma isoform
General Function:
Phosphoprotein phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
Calcium-dependent, calmodulin-stimulated protein phosphatase. This subunit may have a role in the calmodulin activation of calcineurin.
Gene Name:
PPP3CC
Uniprot ID:
P48454
Molecular Weight:
58128.865 Da
References
  1. King MM, Huang CY: Activation of calcineurin by nickel ions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1983 Aug 12;114(3):955-61. [6311199 ]
Target Details
67. Sperm protamine P1
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Protamines substitute for histones in the chromatin of sperm during the haploid phase of spermatogenesis. They compact sperm DNA into a highly condensed, stable and inactive complex.
Gene Name:
PRM1
Uniprot ID:
P04553
Molecular Weight:
6822.9 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Target Details
68. Testis-specific H1 histone
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Essential for normal spermatogenesis and male fertility. Required for proper cell restructuring and DNA condensation during the elongation phase of spermiogenesis. Involved in the histone-protamine transition of sperm chromatin and the subsequent production of functional sperm. Binds both double-stranded and single-stranded DNA, ATP and protamine-1 (By similarity).
Gene Name:
H1FNT
Uniprot ID:
Q75WM6
Molecular Weight:
28115.69 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]