Emodin (T3D3755)

IdentificationTaxonomyBiological PropertiesPhysical PropertiesToxicity ProfileSpectraConcentrationsLinksReferencesGene RegulationTargets (20)XML
Targets (20)
Record Information
Version2.0
Creation Date2010-05-14 14:53:47 UTC
Update Date2014-12-24 20:26:30 UTC
Accession NumberT3D3755
Identification
Common NameEmodin
ClassSmall Molecule
DescriptionEmodin is found in dock. Emodin is present in Cascara sagrada.Emodin is a purgative resin from rhubarb, Polygonum cuspidatum, the buckthorn and Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica). The term may also refer to any one of a series of principles isomeric with the emodin of rhubarb. (Wikipedia) Emodin has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory, signalling, antibiotic, muscle building and anti-angiogenic functions (7, 14, 15, 16, 17).
Compound Type
  • Ester
  • Food Toxin
  • Fungal Toxin
  • Metabolite
  • Mycotoxin
  • Natural Compound
  • Organic Compound
Chemical Structure
Thumb
MOLSDFPDBSMILESInChI
Synonyms
Synonym
1,3, 8-Trihydroxy-6-methyl-9,10-anthraquinone
1,3,8-Trihydroxy-6-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione, 9CI
1,3,8-Trihydroxy-6-methylanthra-9,10-quinone
3-Methyl-1,6,8-trihydroxyanthraquinone
4,5,7-Trihydroxy-2-methylanthraquinone
6-Methyl-1,3,8-trihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione
6-Methyl-1,3,8-trihydroxyanthraquinone
9,10-Anthracenedione, 1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methyl- (9CI)
Archin
Emodol
Frangula emodin
Frangulic acid
Frangulinic acid
Rheum-emodin
Schuttgelb
Chemical FormulaC15H10O5
Average Molecular Mass270.237 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass270.053 g/mol
CAS Registry Number518-82-1
IUPAC Name1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methyl-9,10-dihydroanthracene-9,10-dione
Traditional Nameemodin
SMILESCC1=CC2=C(C(O)=C1)C(=O)C1=C(C=C(O)C=C1O)C2=O
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/C15H10O5/c1-6-2-8-12(10(17)3-6)15(20)13-9(14(8)19)4-7(16)5-11(13)18/h2-5,16-18H,1H3
InChI KeyInChIKey=RHMXXJGYXNZAPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxyanthraquinones. Hydroxyanthraquinones are compounds containing a hydroxyanthraquinone moiety, which consists of an anthracene bearing a quinone, and hydroxyl group.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassBenzenoids
ClassAnthracenes
Sub ClassAnthraquinones
Direct ParentHydroxyanthraquinones
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Hydroxyanthraquinone
  • Aryl ketone
  • 1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoid
  • 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid
  • Vinylogous acid
  • Ketone
  • Polyol
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Aromatic homopolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic homopolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginExogenous
Cellular Locations
  • Membrane
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
PathwaysNot Available
Applications
Biological Roles
Chemical Roles
Physical Properties
StateSolid
AppearanceWhite powder.
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting Point266 - 268°C
Boiling PointNot Available
SolubilityNot Available
LogPNot Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.22 g/LALOGPS
logP2.66ALOGPS
logP3.82ChemAxon
logS-3.1ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)7.29ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-5.4ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count5ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count3ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area94.83 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count0ChemAxon
Refractivity72.13 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability26.58 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings3ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-007o-0590000000-e5d8430a10335839599b2017-09-01View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (3 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-00di-2222900000-d6c47b3e4308e1f69c9d2017-10-06View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - DI-ESI-qTof , Positivesplash10-00di-0390000000-e186d58c552ffeba821e2017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , Positivesplash10-00fr-2920000000-4cb1f49316cc482381222017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negativesplash10-014i-0090000000-7b75ac0aede192dc2ee62017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negativesplash10-014i-0090000000-4df9d81040eb8a48e65c2017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negativesplash10-014i-0090000000-7b8f9b479ca718fde6ee2017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negativesplash10-004i-0290000000-88fa3da245399884b6bc2017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negativesplash10-009e-0960000000-93c437b387d3e1aa7d902017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negativesplash10-014i-0090000000-79e91c5055c98d8e3db02017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linear Ion Trap , negativesplash10-004i-0090000000-bdb88728428b2b7baa222017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linear Ion Trap , negativesplash10-004i-0090000000-9da9425656e26f3ca9412017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positivesplash10-00di-0090000000-8c9267f9d7e631944de22017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positivesplash10-00di-0090000000-c886ca3730f953370e442017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positivesplash10-00di-0190000000-41f1d89cf454e5ae75742017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positivesplash10-002b-0940000000-780c17885ad8db4f5a182017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positivesplash10-014i-0900000000-2e61cf51b55f218dea782017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linear Ion Trap , positivesplash10-0ufr-0190000000-6c97fd1b1144abdb9fed2017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linear Ion Trap , positivesplash10-0umi-0190000000-fc4d25dd0d6b00a0dbc02017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linear Ion Trap , positivesplash10-05fr-1490000000-7d7df50c05fdc5d6767a2017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linear Ion Trap , positivesplash10-05fr-1490000000-6dbcbd8581ffa57010942017-09-14View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-00di-0090000000-cd1368af6fd71ad458992015-04-24View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-00di-0090000000-2f7fb214594d9dd58ff62015-04-24View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-106r-2090000000-9b129a417bc060d33cc12015-04-24View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-014i-0090000000-48e785e66af8396f43472015-04-25View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-014i-0090000000-2524a49c7801045355322015-04-25View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-0gdi-2090000000-eb5ce4ed15fb447719262015-04-25View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-22View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-22View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-22View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-22View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-22View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-22View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-22View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-22View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-22View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-22View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-22View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-22View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-22View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-22View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-22View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-22View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-22View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-22View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-22View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-22View Spectrum
Toxicity Profile
Route of ExposureOral, dermal, inhalation, and parenteral (contaminated drugs). (12)
Mechanism of ToxicityEmodin is moderately cytotoxic and can inhibit the growth of many cell types by interfering with the cell cycle, possibly by stimulating the expression of p53 and p21. Alternatively, it may do this by creating DNA strand breaks and/or non-covalently binding to DNA and inhibiting the catalytic activity of topoisomerase II. It may also induce apoptosis by inhibiting the electron transport chain, producing reactive oxygen species. Emodin is a strong inhibitor of tyrosine-protein kinase Lck and other tyrosine kinase receptors, which likely contributes to its growth suppressing activity. It may act as a chemopreventive agent by activating DNA repair machinery. Emodin can also inhibit metastasis by interfering with the activity of matrix metalloproteinases, either directly or through through inhibition of focal adhesion kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase activation, and partial inhibition of transcription factor AP-1 and nuclear factor NF-kappa-B (NF-kB) transcriptional activities. Emodin exerts its purgative effects by acting directly or indirectly on colon epithelial cells. This activates the underlying smooth muscle cells, leading to muscle contractility. Possible mechanisms for this effect includes enhancing the hormone motilin, activating muscarinic receptors by triggering the release of acetylcholine, stimulating the protein kinase C-alpha pathway for increased calcium sensibility, inhibiting the secretion of the hormone somatostatin, increasing fluid electrolyte accumulation in the distal ileum and colon, and inhibiting the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase and/or potassium channels. Emodin's antiinflammatory action is due to its specific inhibition of the transcription factor NF-kB. It also regulates angiogenesis by inhibiting the enzymes casein kinase II and nitric oxide synthase and has shown potent estrogen receptor binding affinity. Emodin can induce the microsomal enzyme cytochrome P-450 1A1, perpetuating its own metabolic activation. (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 10, 11)
MetabolismEmodin is biotransformed by the microsomal cytochrome P450 enzymes into active hydroxyemodins such as omega-hydroxyemodin and 2-hydroxyemodin. Emodin glycoside is carried unabsorbed to the large intestine, where it is metabolized to the active aglycones by intestinal bacterial flora. (1, 4)
Toxicity ValuesLD50: 35 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Mouse) (20)
Lethal DoseNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Uses/SourcesEmodin is a mycotoxin and naturally occurring anthraquinone present in the roots and barks of numerous plants, such as rhubarb. It is an active ingredient of Chinese herbs, including Rheum officinale and Polygonam cuspidatum. Emodin is also produced as a secondary metabolite by molds and lichens such as Aspergillus wentii. It has been used as a laxative and also investigated as a potential chemotherapeutic drug. (1)
Minimum Risk LevelNot Available
Health EffectsChronic use can cause disturbances in electrolyte balance, especially potassium deficiency, and fluid imbalance. Emodin may also cause damage to kidney cells. (1, 2)
SymptomsEmodin has purgative properties and causes diarrhea. (1)
TreatmentNot Available
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
DrugBank IDDB07715
HMDB IDHMDB35214
PubChem Compound ID3220
ChEMBL IDCHEMBL289277
ChemSpider ID3107
KEGG IDC10343
UniProt IDNot Available
OMIM ID
ChEBI ID42223
BioCyc IDNot Available
CTD IDNot Available
Stitch IDNot Available
PDB IDEMO
ACToR IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkEmodin
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
MSDST3D3755.pdf
General References
  1. Srinivas G, Babykutty S, Sathiadevan PP, Srinivas P: Molecular mechanism of emodin action: transition from laxative ingredient to an antitumor agent. Med Res Rev. 2007 Sep;27(5):591-608. [17019678 ]
  2. Wang C, Wu X, Chen M, Duan W, Sun L, Yan M, Zhang L: Emodin induces apoptosis through caspase 3-dependent pathway in HK-2 cells. Toxicology. 2007 Mar 7;231(2-3):120-8. Epub 2006 Nov 26. [17240509 ]
  3. Wang HW, Chen TL, Yang PC, Ueng TH: Induction of cytochromes P450 1A1 and 1B1 by emodin in human lung adenocarcinoma cell line CL5. Drug Metab Dispos. 2001 Sep;29(9):1229-35. [11502733 ]
  4. Mueller SO, Stopper H, Dekant W: Biotransformation of the anthraquinones emodin and chrysophanol by cytochrome P450 enzymes. Bioactivation to genotoxic metabolites. Drug Metab Dispos. 1998 Jun;26(6):540-6. [9616189 ]
  5. Mueller SO, Stopper H: Characterization of the genotoxicity of anthraquinones in mammalian cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999 Aug 5;1428(2-3):406-14. [10434060 ]
  6. Jayasuriya H, Koonchanok NM, Geahlen RL, McLaughlin JL, Chang CJ: Emodin, a protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor from Polygonum cuspidatum. J Nat Prod. 1992 May;55(5):696-8. [1517743 ]
  7. Li HL, Chen HL, Li H, Zhang KL, Chen XY, Wang XW, Kong QY, Liu J: Regulatory effects of emodin on NF-kappaB activation and inflammatory cytokine expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Int J Mol Med. 2005 Jul;16(1):41-7. [15942676 ]
  8. Huang Q, Shen HM, Ong CN: Inhibitory effect of emodin on tumor invasion through suppression of activator protein-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB. Biochem Pharmacol. 2004 Jul 15;68(2):361-71. [15194008 ]
  9. Wang CC, Huang YJ, Chen LG, Lee LT, Yang LL: Inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitors of Chinese herbs III. Rheum palmatum. Planta Med. 2002 Oct;68(10):869-74. [12391547 ]
  10. Kaneshiro T, Morioka T, Inamine M, Kinjo T, Arakaki J, Chiba I, Sunagawa N, Suzui M, Yoshimi N: Anthraquinone derivative emodin inhibits tumor-associated angiogenesis through inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation. Eur J Pharmacol. 2006 Dec 28;553(1-3):46-53. Epub 2006 Sep 23. [17056031 ]
  11. Kang SC, Lee CM, Choung ES, Bak JP, Bae JJ, Yoo HS, Kwak JH, Zee OP: Anti-proliferative effects of estrogen receptor-modulating compounds isolated from Rheum palmatum. Arch Pharm Res. 2008 Jun;31(6):722-6. doi: 10.1007/s12272-001-1218-1. Epub 2008 Jun 19. [18563353 ]
  12. Peraica M, Domijan AM: Contamination of food with mycotoxins and human health. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 2001 Mar;52(1):23-35. [11370295 ]
  13. Yim H, Lee YH, Lee CH, Lee SK: Emodin, an anthraquinone derivative isolated from the rhizomes of Rheum palmatum, selectively inhibits the activity of casein kinase II as a competitive inhibitor. Planta Med. 1999 Feb;65(1):9-13. [10083837 ]
  14. Sandholt IS, Olsen BB, Guerra B, Issinger OG: Resorufin: a lead for a new protein kinase CK2 inhibitor. Anticancer Drugs. 2009 Apr;20(4):238-48. doi: 10.1097/CAD.0b013e328326472e. [19177021 ]
  15. Ubbink-Kok T, Anderson JA, Konings WN: Inhibition of electron transfer and uncoupling effects by emodin and emodinanthrone in Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986 Jul;30(1):147-51. [3019234 ]
  16. Lee SU, Shin HK, Min YK, Kim SH: Emodin accelerates osteoblast differentiation through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation and bone morphogenetic protein-2 gene expression. Int Immunopharmacol. 2008 May;8(5):741-7. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.01.027. Epub 2008 Feb 22. [18387517 ]
  17. Kwak HJ, Park MJ, Park CM, Moon SI, Yoo DH, Lee HC, Lee SH, Kim MS, Lee HW, Shin WS, Park IC, Rhee CH, Hong SI: Emodin inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor-A-induced angiogenesis by blocking receptor-2 (KDR/Flk-1) phosphorylation. Int J Cancer. 2006 Jun 1;118(11):2711-20. [16388516 ]
  18. Lewis RJ (1996). Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
  19. Yannai, Shmuel. (2004) Dictionary of food compounds with CD-ROM: Additives, flavors, and ingredients. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC.
  20. International Agency for Research on Cancer (2014). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. [Link]
Gene Regulation
Up-Regulated Genes
GeneGene SymbolGene IDInteractionChromosomeDetails
Down-Regulated Genes
GeneGene SymbolGene IDInteractionChromosomeDetails

Targets

Target Details
1. Casein kinase II subunit alpha
General Function:
Protein serine/threonine kinase activity
Specific Function:
Catalytic subunit of a constitutively active serine/threonine-protein kinase complex that phosphorylates a large number of substrates containing acidic residues C-terminal to the phosphorylated serine or threonine. Regulates numerous cellular processes, such as cell cycle progression, apoptosis and transcription, as well as viral infection. May act as a regulatory node which integrates and coordinates numerous signals leading to an appropriate cellular response. During mitosis, functions as a component of the p53/TP53-dependent spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) that maintains cyclin-B-CDK1 activity and G2 arrest in response to spindle damage. Also required for p53/TP53-mediated apoptosis, phosphorylating 'Ser-392' of p53/TP53 following UV irradiation. Can also negatively regulate apoptosis. Phosphorylates the caspases CASP9 and CASP2 and the apoptotic regulator NOL3. Phosphorylation protects CASP9 from cleavage and activation by CASP8, and inhibits the dimerization of CASP2 and activation of CASP8. Regulates transcription by direct phosphorylation of RNA polymerases I, II, III and IV. Also phosphorylates and regulates numerous transcription factors including NF-kappa-B, STAT1, CREB1, IRF1, IRF2, ATF1, SRF, MAX, JUN, FOS, MYC and MYB. Phosphorylates Hsp90 and its co-chaperones FKBP4 and CDC37, which is essential for chaperone function. Regulates Wnt signaling by phosphorylating CTNNB1 and the transcription factor LEF1. Acts as an ectokinase that phosphorylates several extracellular proteins. During viral infection, phosphorylates various proteins involved in the viral life cycles of EBV, HSV, HBV, HCV, HIV, CMV and HPV. Phosphorylates PML at 'Ser-565' and primes it for ubiquitin-mediated degradation. Plays an important role in the circadian clock function by phosphorylating ARNTL/BMAL1 at 'Ser-90' which is pivotal for its interaction with CLOCK and which controls CLOCK nuclear entry (PubMed:11239457, PubMed:11704824, PubMed:16193064, PubMed:19188443, PubMed:20625391, PubMed:22406621). Phosphorylates CCAR2 at 'Thr-454' in gastric carcinoma tissue (PubMed:24962073).
Gene Name:
CSNK2A1
Uniprot ID:
P68400
Molecular Weight:
45143.25 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
Inhibitory1.85 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 11318
IC500.89 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 11318
IC502 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 11318
References
  1. Srinivas G, Babykutty S, Sathiadevan PP, Srinivas P: Molecular mechanism of emodin action: transition from laxative ingredient to an antitumor agent. Med Res Rev. 2007 Sep;27(5):591-608. [17019678 ]
  2. Yim H, Lee YH, Lee CH, Lee SK: Emodin, an anthraquinone derivative isolated from the rhizomes of Rheum palmatum, selectively inhibits the activity of casein kinase II as a competitive inhibitor. Planta Med. 1999 Feb;65(1):9-13. [10083837 ]
  3. Sarno S, de Moliner E, Ruzzene M, Pagano MA, Battistutta R, Bain J, Fabbro D, Schoepfer J, Elliott M, Furet P, Meggio F, Zanotti G, Pinna LA: Biochemical and three-dimensional-structural study of the specific inhibition of protein kinase CK2 by [5-oxo-5,6-dihydroindolo-(1,2-a)quinazolin-7-yl]acetic acid (IQA). Biochem J. 2003 Sep 15;374(Pt 3):639-46. [12816539 ]
  4. Sekiguchi Y, Nakaniwa T, Kinoshita T, Nakanishi I, Kitaura K, Hirasawa A, Tsujimoto G, Tada T: Structural insight into human CK2alpha in complex with the potent inhibitor ellagic acid. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2009 Jun 1;19(11):2920-3. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.04.076. Epub 2009 Apr 22. [19414254 ]
Target Details
2. Cytochrome P450 1A1
General Function:
Vitamin d 24-hydroxylase activity
Specific Function:
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics.
Gene Name:
CYP1A1
Uniprot ID:
P04798
Molecular Weight:
58164.815 Da
References
  1. Srinivas G, Babykutty S, Sathiadevan PP, Srinivas P: Molecular mechanism of emodin action: transition from laxative ingredient to an antitumor agent. Med Res Rev. 2007 Sep;27(5):591-608. [17019678 ]
  2. Wang HW, Chen TL, Yang PC, Ueng TH: Induction of cytochromes P450 1A1 and 1B1 by emodin in human lung adenocarcinoma cell line CL5. Drug Metab Dispos. 2001 Sep;29(9):1229-35. [11502733 ]
  3. Mueller SO, Stopper H, Dekant W: Biotransformation of the anthraquinones emodin and chrysophanol by cytochrome P450 enzymes. Bioactivation to genotoxic metabolites. Drug Metab Dispos. 1998 Jun;26(6):540-6. [9616189 ]
Target Details
3. Estrogen receptor
General Function:
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function:
Nuclear hormone receptor. The steroid hormones and their receptors are involved in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues. Ligand-dependent nuclear transactivation involves either direct homodimer binding to a palindromic estrogen response element (ERE) sequence or association with other DNA-binding transcription factors, such as AP-1/c-Jun, c-Fos, ATF-2, Sp1 and Sp3, to mediate ERE-independent signaling. Ligand binding induces a conformational change allowing subsequent or combinatorial association with multiprotein coactivator complexes through LXXLL motifs of their respective components. Mutual transrepression occurs between the estrogen receptor (ER) and NF-kappa-B in a cell-type specific manner. Decreases NF-kappa-B DNA-binding activity and inhibits NF-kappa-B-mediated transcription from the IL6 promoter and displace RELA/p65 and associated coregulators from the promoter. Recruited to the NF-kappa-B response element of the CCL2 and IL8 promoters and can displace CREBBP. Present with NF-kappa-B components RELA/p65 and NFKB1/p50 on ERE sequences. Can also act synergistically with NF-kappa-B to activate transcription involving respective recruitment adjacent response elements; the function involves CREBBP. Can activate the transcriptional activity of TFF1. Also mediates membrane-initiated estrogen signaling involving various kinase cascades. Isoform 3 is involved in activation of NOS3 and endothelial nitric oxide production. Isoforms lacking one or several functional domains are thought to modulate transcriptional activity by competitive ligand or DNA binding and/or heterodimerization with the full length receptor. Essential for MTA1-mediated transcriptional regulation of BRCA1 and BCAS3. Isoform 3 can bind to ERE and inhibit isoform 1.
Gene Name:
ESR1
Uniprot ID:
P03372
Molecular Weight:
66215.45 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
Inhibitory0.77 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 11318
IC502.7 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 11318
References
  1. Srinivas G, Babykutty S, Sathiadevan PP, Srinivas P: Molecular mechanism of emodin action: transition from laxative ingredient to an antitumor agent. Med Res Rev. 2007 Sep;27(5):591-608. [17019678 ]
  2. Kang SC, Lee CM, Choung ES, Bak JP, Bae JJ, Yoo HS, Kwak JH, Zee OP: Anti-proliferative effects of estrogen receptor-modulating compounds isolated from Rheum palmatum. Arch Pharm Res. 2008 Jun;31(6):722-6. doi: 10.1007/s12272-001-1218-1. Epub 2008 Jun 19. [18563353 ]
  3. Matsuda H, Shimoda H, Morikawa T, Yoshikawa M: Phytoestrogens from the roots of Polygonum cuspidatum (Polygonaceae): structure-requirement of hydroxyanthraquinones for estrogenic activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2001 Jul 23;11(14):1839-42. [11459643 ]
Target Details
4. Estrogen receptor beta
General Function:
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function:
Nuclear hormone receptor. Binds estrogens with an affinity similar to that of ESR1, and activates expression of reporter genes containing estrogen response elements (ERE) in an estrogen-dependent manner (PubMed:20074560). Isoform beta-cx lacks ligand binding ability and has no or only very low ere binding activity resulting in the loss of ligand-dependent transactivation ability. DNA-binding by ESR1 and ESR2 is rapidly lost at 37 degrees Celsius in the absence of ligand while in the presence of 17 beta-estradiol and 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen loss in DNA-binding at elevated temperature is more gradual.
Gene Name:
ESR2
Uniprot ID:
Q92731
Molecular Weight:
59215.765 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
Inhibitory1.5 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 11318
IC505.2 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 11318
References
  1. Srinivas G, Babykutty S, Sathiadevan PP, Srinivas P: Molecular mechanism of emodin action: transition from laxative ingredient to an antitumor agent. Med Res Rev. 2007 Sep;27(5):591-608. [17019678 ]
  2. Kang SC, Lee CM, Choung ES, Bak JP, Bae JJ, Yoo HS, Kwak JH, Zee OP: Anti-proliferative effects of estrogen receptor-modulating compounds isolated from Rheum palmatum. Arch Pharm Res. 2008 Jun;31(6):722-6. doi: 10.1007/s12272-001-1218-1. Epub 2008 Jun 19. [18563353 ]
  3. Matsuda H, Shimoda H, Morikawa T, Yoshikawa M: Phytoestrogens from the roots of Polygonum cuspidatum (Polygonaceae): structure-requirement of hydroxyanthraquinones for estrogenic activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2001 Jul 23;11(14):1839-42. [11459643 ]
Target Details
5. Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit
General Function:
Transcriptional activator activity, rna polymerase ii core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding
Specific Function:
NF-kappa-B is a pleiotropic transcription factor present in almost all cell types and is the endpoint of a series of signal transduction events that are initiated by a vast array of stimuli related to many biological processes such as inflammation, immunity, differentiation, cell growth, tumorigenesis and apoptosis. NF-kappa-B is a homo- or heterodimeric complex formed by the Rel-like domain-containing proteins RELA/p65, RELB, NFKB1/p105, NFKB1/p50, REL and NFKB2/p52. The dimers bind at kappa-B sites in the DNA of their target genes and the individual dimers have distinct preferences for different kappa-B sites that they can bind with distinguishable affinity and specificity. Different dimer combinations act as transcriptional activators or repressors, respectively. NF-kappa-B is controlled by various mechanisms of post-translational modification and subcellular compartmentalization as well as by interactions with other cofactors or corepressors. NF-kappa-B complexes are held in the cytoplasm in an inactive state complexed with members of the NF-kappa-B inhibitor (I-kappa-B) family. In a conventional activation pathway, I-kappa-B is phosphorylated by I-kappa-B kinases (IKKs) in response to different activators, subsequently degraded thus liberating the active NF-kappa-B complex which translocates to the nucleus. In a non-canonical activation pathway, the MAP3K14-activated CHUK/IKKA homodimer phosphorylates NFKB2/p100 associated with RelB, inducing its proteolytic processing to NFKB2/p52 and the formation of NF-kappa-B RelB-p52 complexes. The NF-kappa-B heterodimeric RelB-p52 complex is a transcriptional activator. The NF-kappa-B p52-p52 homodimer is a transcriptional repressor. NFKB2 appears to have dual functions such as cytoplasmic retention of attached NF-kappa-B proteins by p100 and generation of p52 by a cotranslational processing. The proteasome-mediated process ensures the production of both p52 and p100 and preserves their independent function. p52 binds to the kappa-B consensus sequence 5'-GGRNNYYCC-3', located in the enhancer region of genes involved in immune response and acute phase reactions. p52 and p100 are respectively the minor and major form; the processing of p100 being relatively poor. Isoform p49 is a subunit of the NF-kappa-B protein complex, which stimulates the HIV enhancer in synergy with p65. In concert with RELB, regulates the circadian clock by repressing the transcriptional activator activity of the CLOCK-ARNTL/BMAL1 heterodimer.
Gene Name:
NFKB2
Uniprot ID:
Q00653
Molecular Weight:
96748.355 Da
References
  1. Srinivas G, Babykutty S, Sathiadevan PP, Srinivas P: Molecular mechanism of emodin action: transition from laxative ingredient to an antitumor agent. Med Res Rev. 2007 Sep;27(5):591-608. [17019678 ]
  2. Li HL, Chen HL, Li H, Zhang KL, Chen XY, Wang XW, Kong QY, Liu J: Regulatory effects of emodin on NF-kappaB activation and inflammatory cytokine expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Int J Mol Med. 2005 Jul;16(1):41-7. [15942676 ]
  3. Huang Q, Shen HM, Ong CN: Inhibitory effect of emodin on tumor invasion through suppression of activator protein-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB. Biochem Pharmacol. 2004 Jul 15;68(2):361-71. [15194008 ]
Target Details
6. Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit
General Function:
Transcriptional repressor activity, rna polymerase ii transcription regulatory region sequence-specific binding
Specific Function:
NF-kappa-B is a pleiotropic transcription factor present in almost all cell types and is the endpoint of a series of signal transduction events that are initiated by a vast array of stimuli related to many biological processes such as inflammation, immunity, differentiation, cell growth, tumorigenesis and apoptosis. NF-kappa-B is a homo- or heterodimeric complex formed by the Rel-like domain-containing proteins RELA/p65, RELB, NFKB1/p105, NFKB1/p50, REL and NFKB2/p52 and the heterodimeric p65-p50 complex appears to be most abundant one. The dimers bind at kappa-B sites in the DNA of their target genes and the individual dimers have distinct preferences for different kappa-B sites that they can bind with distinguishable affinity and specificity. Different dimer combinations act as transcriptional activators or repressors, respectively. NF-kappa-B is controlled by various mechanisms of post-translational modification and subcellular compartmentalization as well as by interactions with other cofactors or corepressors. NF-kappa-B complexes are held in the cytoplasm in an inactive state complexed with members of the NF-kappa-B inhibitor (I-kappa-B) family. In a conventional activation pathway, I-kappa-B is phosphorylated by I-kappa-B kinases (IKKs) in response to different activators, subsequently degraded thus liberating the active NF-kappa-B complex which translocates to the nucleus. NF-kappa-B heterodimeric p65-p50 and RelB-p50 complexes are transcriptional activators. The NF-kappa-B p50-p50 homodimer is a transcriptional repressor, but can act as a transcriptional activator when associated with BCL3. NFKB1 appears to have dual functions such as cytoplasmic retention of attached NF-kappa-B proteins by p105 and generation of p50 by a cotranslational processing. The proteasome-mediated process ensures the production of both p50 and p105 and preserves their independent function, although processing of NFKB1/p105 also appears to occur post-translationally. p50 binds to the kappa-B consensus sequence 5'-GGRNNYYCC-3', located in the enhancer region of genes involved in immune response and acute phase reactions. In a complex with MAP3K8, NFKB1/p105 represses MAP3K8-induced MAPK signaling; active MAP3K8 is released by proteasome-dependent degradation of NFKB1/p105.
Gene Name:
NFKB1
Uniprot ID:
P19838
Molecular Weight:
105355.175 Da
References
  1. Srinivas G, Babykutty S, Sathiadevan PP, Srinivas P: Molecular mechanism of emodin action: transition from laxative ingredient to an antitumor agent. Med Res Rev. 2007 Sep;27(5):591-608. [17019678 ]
  2. Li HL, Chen HL, Li H, Zhang KL, Chen XY, Wang XW, Kong QY, Liu J: Regulatory effects of emodin on NF-kappaB activation and inflammatory cytokine expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Int J Mol Med. 2005 Jul;16(1):41-7. [15942676 ]
  3. Huang Q, Shen HM, Ong CN: Inhibitory effect of emodin on tumor invasion through suppression of activator protein-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB. Biochem Pharmacol. 2004 Jul 15;68(2):361-71. [15194008 ]
Target Details
7. Casein kinase II subunit beta
General Function:
Transcription factor binding
Specific Function:
Participates in Wnt signaling (By similarity). Plays a complex role in regulating the basal catalytic activity of the alpha subunit.
Gene Name:
CSNK2B
Uniprot ID:
P67870
Molecular Weight:
24942.25 Da
References
  1. Srinivas G, Babykutty S, Sathiadevan PP, Srinivas P: Molecular mechanism of emodin action: transition from laxative ingredient to an antitumor agent. Med Res Rev. 2007 Sep;27(5):591-608. [17019678 ]
  2. Yim H, Lee YH, Lee CH, Lee SK: Emodin, an anthraquinone derivative isolated from the rhizomes of Rheum palmatum, selectively inhibits the activity of casein kinase II as a competitive inhibitor. Planta Med. 1999 Feb;65(1):9-13. [10083837 ]
8. DNA
General Function:
Used for biological information storage.
Specific Function:
DNA contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce.
Molecular Weight:
2.15 x 1012 Da
References
  1. Srinivas G, Babykutty S, Sathiadevan PP, Srinivas P: Molecular mechanism of emodin action: transition from laxative ingredient to an antitumor agent. Med Res Rev. 2007 Sep;27(5):591-608. [17019678 ]
  2. Mueller SO, Stopper H: Characterization of the genotoxicity of anthraquinones in mammalian cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999 Aug 5;1428(2-3):406-14. [10434060 ]
Target Details
9. Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1
General Function:
Rna polymerase ii carboxy-terminal domain kinase activity
Specific Function:
Serine/threonine kinase which acts as an essential component of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. MAPK1/ERK2 and MAPK3/ERK1 are the 2 MAPKs which play an important role in the MAPK/ERK cascade. They participate also in a signaling cascade initiated by activated KIT and KITLG/SCF. Depending on the cellular context, the MAPK/ERK cascade mediates diverse biological functions such as cell growth, adhesion, survival and differentiation through the regulation of transcription, translation, cytoskeletal rearrangements. The MAPK/ERK cascade plays also a role in initiation and regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells by phosphorylating a number of transcription factors. About 160 substrates have already been discovered for ERKs. Many of these substrates are localized in the nucleus, and seem to participate in the regulation of transcription upon stimulation. However, other substrates are found in the cytosol as well as in other cellular organelles, and those are responsible for processes such as translation, mitosis and apoptosis. Moreover, the MAPK/ERK cascade is also involved in the regulation of the endosomal dynamics, including lysosome processing and endosome cycling through the perinuclear recycling compartment (PNRC); as well as in the fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus during mitosis. The substrates include transcription factors (such as ATF2, BCL6, ELK1, ERF, FOS, HSF4 or SPZ1), cytoskeletal elements (such as CANX, CTTN, GJA1, MAP2, MAPT, PXN, SORBS3 or STMN1), regulators of apoptosis (such as BAD, BTG2, CASP9, DAPK1, IER3, MCL1 or PPARG), regulators of translation (such as EIF4EBP1) and a variety of other signaling-related molecules (like ARHGEF2, DCC, FRS2 or GRB10). Protein kinases (such as RAF1, RPS6KA1/RSK1, RPS6KA3/RSK2, RPS6KA2/RSK3, RPS6KA6/RSK4, SYK, MKNK1/MNK1, MKNK2/MNK2, RPS6KA5/MSK1, RPS6KA4/MSK2, MAPKAPK3 or MAPKAPK5) and phosphatases (such as DUSP1, DUSP4, DUSP6 or DUSP16) are other substrates which enable the propagation the MAPK/ERK signal to additional cytosolic and nuclear targets, thereby extending the specificity of the cascade. Mediates phosphorylation of TPR in respons to EGF stimulation. May play a role in the spindle assembly checkpoint. Phosphorylates PML and promotes its interaction with PIN1, leading to PML degradation.Acts as a transcriptional repressor. Binds to a [GC]AAA[GC] consensus sequence. Repress the expression of interferon gamma-induced genes. Seems to bind to the promoter of CCL5, DMP1, IFIH1, IFITM1, IRF7, IRF9, LAMP3, OAS1, OAS2, OAS3 and STAT1. Transcriptional activity is independent of kinase activity.
Gene Name:
MAPK1
Uniprot ID:
P28482
Molecular Weight:
41389.265 Da
References
  1. Srinivas G, Babykutty S, Sathiadevan PP, Srinivas P: Molecular mechanism of emodin action: transition from laxative ingredient to an antitumor agent. Med Res Rev. 2007 Sep;27(5):591-608. [17019678 ]
  2. Kaneshiro T, Morioka T, Inamine M, Kinjo T, Arakaki J, Chiba I, Sunagawa N, Suzui M, Yoshimi N: Anthraquinone derivative emodin inhibits tumor-associated angiogenesis through inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation. Eur J Pharmacol. 2006 Dec 28;553(1-3):46-53. Epub 2006 Sep 23. [17056031 ]
Target Details
10. Nitric oxide synthase, inducible
General Function:
Tetrahydrobiopterin binding
Specific Function:
Produces nitric oxide (NO) which is a messenger molecule with diverse functions throughout the body. In macrophages, NO mediates tumoricidal and bactericidal actions. Also has nitrosylase activity and mediates cysteine S-nitrosylation of cytoplasmic target proteins such COX2. As component of the iNOS-S100A8/9 transnitrosylase complex involved in the selective inflammatory stimulus-dependent S-nitrosylation of GAPDH on 'Cys-247' implicated in regulation of the GAIT complex activity and probably multiple targets including ANXA5, EZR, MSN and VIM.
Gene Name:
NOS2
Uniprot ID:
P35228
Molecular Weight:
131116.3 Da
References
  1. Srinivas G, Babykutty S, Sathiadevan PP, Srinivas P: Molecular mechanism of emodin action: transition from laxative ingredient to an antitumor agent. Med Res Rev. 2007 Sep;27(5):591-608. [17019678 ]
  2. Wang CC, Huang YJ, Chen LG, Lee LT, Yang LL: Inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitors of Chinese herbs III. Rheum palmatum. Planta Med. 2002 Oct;68(10):869-74. [12391547 ]
Target Details
11. Transcription factor AP-1
General Function:
Transcriptional activator activity, rna polymerase ii transcription factor binding
Specific Function:
Transcription factor that recognizes and binds to the enhancer heptamer motif 5'-TGA[CG]TCA-3'. Promotes activity of NR5A1 when phosphorylated by HIPK3 leading to increased steroidogenic gene expression upon cAMP signaling pathway stimulation.
Gene Name:
JUN
Uniprot ID:
P05412
Molecular Weight:
35675.32 Da
References
  1. Srinivas G, Babykutty S, Sathiadevan PP, Srinivas P: Molecular mechanism of emodin action: transition from laxative ingredient to an antitumor agent. Med Res Rev. 2007 Sep;27(5):591-608. [17019678 ]
  2. Huang Q, Shen HM, Ong CN: Inhibitory effect of emodin on tumor invasion through suppression of activator protein-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB. Biochem Pharmacol. 2004 Jul 15;68(2):361-71. [15194008 ]
Target Details
12. Tyrosine-protein kinase Lck
General Function:
Sh2 domain binding
Specific Function:
Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase that plays an essential role in the selection and maturation of developing T-cells in the thymus and in the function of mature T-cells. Plays a key role in T-cell antigen receptor (TCR)-linked signal transduction pathways. Constitutively associated with the cytoplasmic portions of the CD4 and CD8 surface receptors. Association of the TCR with a peptide antigen-bound MHC complex facilitates the interaction of CD4 and CD8 with MHC class II and class I molecules, respectively, thereby recruiting the associated LCK protein to the vicinity of the TCR/CD3 complex. LCK then phosphorylates tyrosines residues within the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAM) of the cytoplasmic tails of the TCR-gamma chains and CD3 subunits, initiating the TCR/CD3 signaling pathway. Once stimulated, the TCR recruits the tyrosine kinase ZAP70, that becomes phosphorylated and activated by LCK. Following this, a large number of signaling molecules are recruited, ultimately leading to lymphokine production. LCK also contributes to signaling by other receptor molecules. Associates directly with the cytoplasmic tail of CD2, which leads to hyperphosphorylation and activation of LCK. Also plays a role in the IL2 receptor-linked signaling pathway that controls the T-cell proliferative response. Binding of IL2 to its receptor results in increased activity of LCK. Is expressed at all stages of thymocyte development and is required for the regulation of maturation events that are governed by both pre-TCR and mature alpha beta TCR. Phosphorylates other substrates including RUNX3, PTK2B/PYK2, the microtubule-associated protein MAPT, RHOH or TYROBP.
Gene Name:
LCK
Uniprot ID:
P06239
Molecular Weight:
58000.15 Da
References
  1. Srinivas G, Babykutty S, Sathiadevan PP, Srinivas P: Molecular mechanism of emodin action: transition from laxative ingredient to an antitumor agent. Med Res Rev. 2007 Sep;27(5):591-608. [17019678 ]
  2. Jayasuriya H, Koonchanok NM, Geahlen RL, McLaughlin JL, Chang CJ: Emodin, a protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor from Polygonum cuspidatum. J Nat Prod. 1992 May;55(5):696-8. [1517743 ]
Target Details
13. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor
General Function:
Transcription regulatory region dna binding
Specific Function:
Ligand-activated transcriptional activator. Binds to the XRE promoter region of genes it activates. Activates the expression of multiple phase I and II xenobiotic chemical metabolizing enzyme genes (such as the CYP1A1 gene). Mediates biochemical and toxic effects of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons. Involved in cell-cycle regulation. Likely to play an important role in the development and maturation of many tissues. Regulates the circadian clock by inhibiting the basal and circadian expression of the core circadian component PER1. Inhibits PER1 by repressing the CLOCK-ARNTL/BMAL1 heterodimer mediated transcriptional activation of PER1.
Gene Name:
AHR
Uniprot ID:
P35869
Molecular Weight:
96146.705 Da
References
  1. Zhang S, Qin C, Safe SH: Flavonoids as aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists/antagonists: effects of structure and cell context. Environ Health Perspect. 2003 Dec;111(16):1877-82. [14644660 ]
Target Details
14. Focal adhesion kinase 1
General Function:
Signal transducer activity
Specific Function:
Non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinase that plays an essential role in regulating cell migration, adhesion, spreading, reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, formation and disassembly of focal adhesions and cell protrusions, cell cycle progression, cell proliferation and apoptosis. Required for early embryonic development and placenta development. Required for embryonic angiogenesis, normal cardiomyocyte migration and proliferation, and normal heart development. Regulates axon growth and neuronal cell migration, axon branching and synapse formation; required for normal development of the nervous system. Plays a role in osteogenesis and differentiation of osteoblasts. Functions in integrin signal transduction, but also in signaling downstream of numerous growth factor receptors, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR), EPHA2, netrin receptors and LDL receptors. Forms multisubunit signaling complexes with SRC and SRC family members upon activation; this leads to the phosphorylation of additional tyrosine residues, creating binding sites for scaffold proteins, effectors and substrates. Regulates numerous signaling pathways. Promotes activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and the AKT1 signaling cascade. Promotes activation of MAPK1/ERK2, MAPK3/ERK1 and the MAP kinase signaling cascade. Promotes localized and transient activation of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), and thereby modulates the activity of Rho family GTPases. Signaling via CAS family members mediates activation of RAC1. Recruits the ubiquitin ligase MDM2 to P53/TP53 in the nucleus, and thereby regulates P53/TP53 activity, P53/TP53 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Phosphorylates SRC; this increases SRC kinase activity. Phosphorylates ACTN1, ARHGEF7, GRB7, RET and WASL. Promotes phosphorylation of PXN and STAT1; most likely PXN and STAT1 are phosphorylated by a SRC family kinase that is recruited to autophosphorylated PTK2/FAK1, rather than by PTK2/FAK1 itself. Promotes phosphorylation of BCAR1; GIT2 and SHC1; this requires both SRC and PTK2/FAK1. Promotes phosphorylation of BMX and PIK3R1. Isoform 6 (FRNK) does not contain a kinase domain and inhibits PTK2/FAK1 phosphorylation and signaling. Its enhanced expression can attenuate the nuclear accumulation of LPXN and limit its ability to enhance serum response factor (SRF)-dependent gene transcription.
Gene Name:
PTK2
Uniprot ID:
Q05397
Molecular Weight:
119232.025 Da
References
  1. Srinivas G, Babykutty S, Sathiadevan PP, Srinivas P: Molecular mechanism of emodin action: transition from laxative ingredient to an antitumor agent. Med Res Rev. 2007 Sep;27(5):591-608. [17019678 ]
Target Details
15. Neutrophil collagenase
General Function:
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function:
Can degrade fibrillar type I, II, and III collagens.
Gene Name:
MMP8
Uniprot ID:
P22894
Molecular Weight:
53411.72 Da
References
  1. Srinivas G, Babykutty S, Sathiadevan PP, Srinivas P: Molecular mechanism of emodin action: transition from laxative ingredient to an antitumor agent. Med Res Rev. 2007 Sep;27(5):591-608. [17019678 ]
Target Details
16. Neutrophil elastase
General Function:
Serine-type endopeptidase activity
Specific Function:
Modifies the functions of natural killer cells, monocytes and granulocytes. Inhibits C5a-dependent neutrophil enzyme release and chemotaxis.
Gene Name:
ELANE
Uniprot ID:
P08246
Molecular Weight:
28517.81 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
IC5052 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 11318
References
  1. Zembower DE, Kam CM, Powers JC, Zalkow LH: Novel anthraquinone inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase and cathepsin G. J Med Chem. 1992 May 1;35(9):1597-605. [1578486 ]
Target Details
17. P2Y purinoceptor 12
General Function:
Guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
Specific Function:
Receptor for ADP and ATP coupled to G-proteins that inhibit the adenylyl cyclase second messenger system. Not activated by UDP and UTP. Required for normal platelet aggregation and blood coagulation.
Gene Name:
P2RY12
Uniprot ID:
Q9H244
Molecular Weight:
39438.355 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
Inhibitory>10 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 11318
References
  1. Baqi Y, Atzler K, Kose M, Glanzel M, Muller CE: High-affinity, non-nucleotide-derived competitive antagonists of platelet P2Y12 receptors. J Med Chem. 2009 Jun 25;52(12):3784-93. doi: 10.1021/jm9003297. [19463000 ]
Target Details
18. Protein tyrosine phosphatase type IVA 3
General Function:
Protein tyrosine/serine/threonine phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
Protein tyrosine phosphatase which stimulates progression from G1 into S phase during mitosis. Enhances cell proliferation, cell motility and invasive activity, and promotes cancer metastasis. May be involved in the progression of cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting intracellular calcium mobilization in response to angiotensin II.
Gene Name:
PTP4A3
Uniprot ID:
O75365
Molecular Weight:
19534.69 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
IC503.5 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 11318
References
  1. Han YM, Lee SK, Jeong DG, Ryu SE, Han DC, Kim DK, Kwon BM: Emodin inhibits migration and invasion of DLD-1 (PRL-3) cells via inhibition of PRL-3 phosphatase activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2012 Jan 1;22(1):323-6. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.11.008. Epub 2011 Nov 9. [22137788 ]
Target Details
19. RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase
General Function:
Protein serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase activity
Specific Function:
AKT1 is one of 3 closely related serine/threonine-protein kinases (AKT1, AKT2 and AKT3) called the AKT kinase, and which regulate many processes including metabolism, proliferation, cell survival, growth and angiogenesis. This is mediated through serine and/or threonine phosphorylation of a range of downstream substrates. Over 100 substrate candidates have been reported so far, but for most of them, no isoform specificity has been reported. AKT is responsible of the regulation of glucose uptake by mediating insulin-induced translocation of the SLC2A4/GLUT4 glucose transporter to the cell surface. Phosphorylation of PTPN1 at 'Ser-50' negatively modulates its phosphatase activity preventing dephosphorylation of the insulin receptor and the attenuation of insulin signaling. Phosphorylation of TBC1D4 triggers the binding of this effector to inhibitory 14-3-3 proteins, which is required for insulin-stimulated glucose transport. AKT regulates also the storage of glucose in the form of glycogen by phosphorylating GSK3A at 'Ser-21' and GSK3B at 'Ser-9', resulting in inhibition of its kinase activity. Phosphorylation of GSK3 isoforms by AKT is also thought to be one mechanism by which cell proliferation is driven. AKT regulates also cell survival via the phosphorylation of MAP3K5 (apoptosis signal-related kinase). Phosphorylation of 'Ser-83' decreases MAP3K5 kinase activity stimulated by oxidative stress and thereby prevents apoptosis. AKT mediates insulin-stimulated protein synthesis by phosphorylating TSC2 at 'Ser-939' and 'Thr-1462', thereby activating mTORC1 signaling and leading to both phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and in activation of RPS6KB1. AKT is involved in the phosphorylation of members of the FOXO factors (Forkhead family of transcription factors), leading to binding of 14-3-3 proteins and cytoplasmic localization. In particular, FOXO1 is phosphorylated at 'Thr-24', 'Ser-256' and 'Ser-319'. FOXO3 and FOXO4 are phosphorylated on equivalent sites. AKT has an important role in the regulation of NF-kappa-B-dependent gene transcription and positively regulates the activity of CREB1 (cyclic AMP (cAMP)-response element binding protein). The phosphorylation of CREB1 induces the binding of accessory proteins that are necessary for the transcription of pro-survival genes such as BCL2 and MCL1. AKT phosphorylates 'Ser-454' on ATP citrate lyase (ACLY), thereby potentially regulating ACLY activity and fatty acid synthesis. Activates the 3B isoform of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE3B) via phosphorylation of 'Ser-273', resulting in reduced cyclic AMP levels and inhibition of lipolysis. Phosphorylates PIKFYVE on 'Ser-318', which results in increased PI(3)P-5 activity. The Rho GTPase-activating protein DLC1 is another substrate and its phosphorylation is implicated in the regulation cell proliferation and cell growth. AKT plays a role as key modulator of the AKT-mTOR signaling pathway controlling the tempo of the process of newborn neurons integration during adult neurogenesis, including correct neuron positioning, dendritic development and synapse formation. Signals downstream of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI(3)K) to mediate the effects of various growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). AKT mediates the antiapoptotic effects of IGF-I. Essential for the SPATA13-mediated regulation of cell migration and adhesion assembly and disassembly. May be involved in the regulation of the placental development. Phosphorylates STK4/MST1 at 'Thr-120' and 'Thr-387' leading to inhibition of its: kinase activity, nuclear translocation, autophosphorylation and ability to phosphorylate FOXO3. Phosphorylates STK3/MST2 at 'Thr-117' and 'Thr-384' leading to inhibition of its: cleavage, kinase activity, autophosphorylation at Thr-180, binding to RASSF1 and nuclear translocation. Phosphorylates SRPK2 and enhances its kinase activity towards SRSF2 and ACIN1 and promotes its nuclear translocation. Phosphorylates RAF1 at 'Ser-259' and negatively regulates its activity. Phosphorylation of BAD stimulates its pro-apoptotic activity. Phosphorylates KAT6A at 'Thr-369' and this phosphorylation inhibits the interaction of KAT6A with PML and negatively regulates its acetylation activity towards p53/TP53.AKT1-specific substrates have been recently identified, including palladin (PALLD), which phosphorylation modulates cytoskeletal organization and cell motility; prohibitin (PHB), playing an important role in cell metabolism and proliferation; and CDKN1A, for which phosphorylation at 'Thr-145' induces its release from CDK2 and cytoplasmic relocalization. These recent findings indicate that the AKT1 isoform has a more specific role in cell motility and proliferation. Phosphorylates CLK2 thereby controlling cell survival to ionizing radiation.
Gene Name:
AKT1
Uniprot ID:
P31749
Molecular Weight:
55686.035 Da
References
  1. Srinivas G, Babykutty S, Sathiadevan PP, Srinivas P: Molecular mechanism of emodin action: transition from laxative ingredient to an antitumor agent. Med Res Rev. 2007 Sep;27(5):591-608. [17019678 ]
Target Details
20. Sialidase-2
General Function:
Exo-alpha-(2->8)-sialidase activity
Specific Function:
Catalyzes the removal of sialic acid (N-acetylneuraminic acid) moities from glycoproteins, oligosaccharides and gangliosides.
Gene Name:
NEU2
Uniprot ID:
Q9Y3R4
Molecular Weight:
42253.345 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
IC50760 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 11318
References
  1. Arioka S, Sakagami M, Uematsu R, Yamaguchi H, Togame H, Takemoto H, Hinou H, Nishimura S: Potent inhibitor scaffold against Trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase. Bioorg Med Chem. 2010 Feb 15;18(4):1633-40. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.12.062. Epub 2010 Jan 6. [20097567 ]