Thallium (T3D3975)
| Record Information | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Version | 2.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Creation Date | 2014-08-29 04:48:24 UTC | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Update Date | 2014-12-24 20:26:35 UTC | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accession Number | T3D3975 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Identification | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common Name | Thallium | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Class | Small Molecule | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Description | Thallium is a chemical element with symbol Tl and atomic number 81. This soft gray post-transition metal is not found free in nature. When isolated, it resembles tin, but discolors when exposed to air. Thallium tends to oxidize to the +3 and +1 oxidation states as ionic salts. The +3 state resembles that of the other elements in thallium's group (boron, aluminum, gallium, indium). However, the +1 state, which is far more prominent in thallium than the elements above it, recalls the chemistry of alkali metals, and thallium(I) ions are found geologically mostly in potassium-based ores, and (when ingested) are handled in many ways like potassium ions (K+) by ion pumps in living cells. Thallium and its compounds are extremely toxic, and should be handled with great care. There are numerous recorded cases of fatal thallium poisoning. Contact with skin is dangerous, and adequate ventilation should be provided when melting this metal. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Compound Type |
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| Chemical Structure |  | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Synonyms |
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| Chemical Formula | Tl | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Average Molecular Mass | 204.383 g/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Monoisotopic Mass | 204.974 g/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CAS Registry Number | 7440-28-0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| IUPAC Name | λ¹-thallanylium | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Name | λ¹-thallanylium | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SMILES | [Tl+] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/Tl/q+1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| InChI Key | InChIKey=ZLUSCZLCHQSJRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical Taxonomy | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Description | belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as homogeneous post-transition metal compounds. These are inorganic compounds containing only metal atoms,with the largest atom being a post-transition metal atom. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kingdom | Inorganic compounds | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Super Class | Homogeneous metal compounds | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Class | Homogeneous post-transition metal compounds | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sub Class | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Direct Parent | Homogeneous post-transition metal compounds | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Alternative Parents | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Substituents |
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| Molecular Framework | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External Descriptors |
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| Biological Properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Status | Detected and Not Quantified | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Origin | Exogenous | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cellular Locations |
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| Biofluid Locations | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tissue Locations | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pathways | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Applications | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Biological Roles | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical Roles | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Physical Properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| State | Solid | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appearance | Silvery white solid. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experimental Properties |
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| Predicted Properties |
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| Spectra | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Spectra |
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| Toxicity Profile | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Route of Exposure | Dermal; inhalation; ingestion | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mechanism of Toxicity | Thallium(I) compounds have a high aqueous solubility and are readily absorbed through the skin. Part of the reason for thallium's high toxicity is that, when present in aqueous solution as the univalent thallium(I) ion (Tl+), it exhibits some similarities with essential alkali metal cations, particularly potassium (due to similar atomic radii). It can thus enter the body via potassium uptake pathways. Other aspects of thallium's chemistry differ strongly from that of the alkali metals, such its high affinity for sulfur ligands. Thus this substitution disrupts many cellular processes (for instance, thallium may attack sulfur-containing proteins such as cysteine residues and ferredoxins). (Wikipedia) A 2013 study found evidence that the thallium(I)-induced liver toxicity is a result of the disruptive effect of this metal on the mitochondrial respiratory complexes (I, II, and IV), which are the obvious causes of metal-induced reactive oxygen species formation and ATP depletion. The latter two events, in turn, trigger cell death signaling via opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore and cytochrome c expulsion. (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Metabolism | Thallium is rapidly distributed throughout all tissues of the body. Most thallium is excreted by the faecal route but up to 35% may be excreted by the kidneys. (2) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Toxicity Values | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lethal Dose | The lethal dose is around 15 to 20 mg per kg body weight but serious toxicity and even death can occur with rather less. (2) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) | No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Uses/Sources | Thallium(I) ions are found geologically mostly in potassium-based ores. Commercially, however, thallium is produced not from potassium ores, but as a byproduct from refining of heavy metal sulfide ores. Approximately 60–70% of thallium production is used in the electronics industry, and the remainder is used in the pharmaceutical industry and in glass manufacturing. It is also used in infrared detectors. The radioisotope thallium-201 (as the soluble chloride TlCl) is used in small, nontoxic amounts as an agent in a nuclear medicine scan, during one type of nuclear cardiac stress test. Soluble thallium salts were historically used in rat poisons and insecticides. Because of its historic popularity as a murder weapon, thallium has gained notoriety as "the poisoner's poison" and "inheritance powder" (alongside arsenic). (Wikipedia) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Minimum Risk Level | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Health Effects | Among the distinctive effects of thallium poisoning are loss of hair (which led to its initial use as a depilatory before its toxicity was properly appreciated) and damage to peripheral nerves (victims may experience a sensation of walking on hot coals), although the loss of hair only generally occurs in low doses; in high doses the thallium kills before this can take effect. (Wikipedia) Thallium toxicity is complex and severe. It affects several systems in human body, including liver, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, reproductive, renal, and nervous systems. Among them, liver is an important organ which possibly assists metabolic reduction of metals; hence, it could be a noticeable organ for thallium toxicity. This is confirmed by the other study on thallium-induced toxicity in experimental animals which reported highest accumulation in liver, kidney, and ileum. (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Symptoms | Nausea and vomiting; painful peripheral neuropathy; alopecia. (2) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Treatment | One of the main methods of removing thallium (both radioactive and normal) from humans is to use Prussian blue, which is a material which absorbs thallium. Up to 20 g per day of Prussian blue is fed by mouth to the person, and it passes through their digestive system and comes out in the stool. Hemodialysis and hemoperfusion are also used to remove thallium from the blood serum. At later stage of the treatment additional potassium is used to mobilize thallium from the tissue. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Normal Concentrations | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Abnormal Concentrations | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External Links | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DrugBank ID | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HMDB ID | HMDB13724 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| PubChem Compound ID | 24642 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ChEMBL ID | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ChemSpider ID | 23044 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| KEGG ID | C15226 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| UniProt ID | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| OMIM ID | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ChEBI ID | 37117 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| BioCyc ID | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CTD ID | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stitch ID | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| PDB ID | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ACToR ID | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Wikipedia Link | Thallium | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| References | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Synthesis Reference | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| MSDS | T3D3975.pdf | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| General References | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gene Regulation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Up-Regulated Genes | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Down-Regulated Genes | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Targets
- General Function:
- Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
- Specific Function:
- This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.
- Gene Name:
- COX4I1
- Uniprot ID:
- P13073
- Molecular Weight:
- 19576.6 Da
References
- Eskandari MR, Mashayekhi V, Aslani M, Hosseini MJ: Toxicity of thallium on isolated rat liver mitochondria: The role of oxidative stress and MPT pore opening. Environ Toxicol. 2013 Aug 30. doi: 10.1002/tox.21900. [23996974 ]
- General Function:
- Metal ion binding
- Specific Function:
- This is the heme A-containing chain of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.
- Gene Name:
- COX5A
- Uniprot ID:
- P20674
- Molecular Weight:
- 16761.985 Da
References
- Eskandari MR, Mashayekhi V, Aslani M, Hosseini MJ: Toxicity of thallium on isolated rat liver mitochondria: The role of oxidative stress and MPT pore opening. Environ Toxicol. 2013 Aug 30. doi: 10.1002/tox.21900. [23996974 ]
- General Function:
- Metal ion binding
- Specific Function:
- This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.
- Gene Name:
- COX5B
- Uniprot ID:
- P10606
- Molecular Weight:
- 13695.57 Da
References
- Eskandari MR, Mashayekhi V, Aslani M, Hosseini MJ: Toxicity of thallium on isolated rat liver mitochondria: The role of oxidative stress and MPT pore opening. Environ Toxicol. 2013 Aug 30. doi: 10.1002/tox.21900. [23996974 ]
- General Function:
- Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
- Specific Function:
- This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.
- Gene Name:
- COX6A2
- Uniprot ID:
- Q02221
- Molecular Weight:
- 10815.32 Da
References
- Eskandari MR, Mashayekhi V, Aslani M, Hosseini MJ: Toxicity of thallium on isolated rat liver mitochondria: The role of oxidative stress and MPT pore opening. Environ Toxicol. 2013 Aug 30. doi: 10.1002/tox.21900. [23996974 ]
- General Function:
- Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
- Specific Function:
- Connects the two COX monomers into the physiological dimeric form.
- Gene Name:
- COX6B1
- Uniprot ID:
- P14854
- Molecular Weight:
- 10192.345 Da
References
- Eskandari MR, Mashayekhi V, Aslani M, Hosseini MJ: Toxicity of thallium on isolated rat liver mitochondria: The role of oxidative stress and MPT pore opening. Environ Toxicol. 2013 Aug 30. doi: 10.1002/tox.21900. [23996974 ]
- General Function:
- Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
- Specific Function:
- This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.
- Gene Name:
- COX7A1
- Uniprot ID:
- P24310
- Molecular Weight:
- 9117.44 Da
References
- Eskandari MR, Mashayekhi V, Aslani M, Hosseini MJ: Toxicity of thallium on isolated rat liver mitochondria: The role of oxidative stress and MPT pore opening. Environ Toxicol. 2013 Aug 30. doi: 10.1002/tox.21900. [23996974 ]
- General Function:
- Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
- Specific Function:
- This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport. Plays a role in proper central nervous system (CNS) development in vertebrates.
- Gene Name:
- COX7B
- Uniprot ID:
- P24311
- Molecular Weight:
- 9160.485 Da
References
- Eskandari MR, Mashayekhi V, Aslani M, Hosseini MJ: Toxicity of thallium on isolated rat liver mitochondria: The role of oxidative stress and MPT pore opening. Environ Toxicol. 2013 Aug 30. doi: 10.1002/tox.21900. [23996974 ]
- General Function:
- Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
- Specific Function:
- This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.
- Gene Name:
- COX7C
- Uniprot ID:
- P15954
- Molecular Weight:
- 7245.45 Da
References
- Eskandari MR, Mashayekhi V, Aslani M, Hosseini MJ: Toxicity of thallium on isolated rat liver mitochondria: The role of oxidative stress and MPT pore opening. Environ Toxicol. 2013 Aug 30. doi: 10.1002/tox.21900. [23996974 ]
- General Function:
- Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
- Specific Function:
- This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.
- Gene Name:
- COX8A
- Uniprot ID:
- P10176
- Molecular Weight:
- 7579.0 Da
References
- Eskandari MR, Mashayekhi V, Aslani M, Hosseini MJ: Toxicity of thallium on isolated rat liver mitochondria: The role of oxidative stress and MPT pore opening. Environ Toxicol. 2013 Aug 30. doi: 10.1002/tox.21900. [23996974 ]
- General Function:
- Nadh dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity
- Specific Function:
- Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) that is believed to belong to the minimal assembly required for catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone (By similarity). This is the largest subunit of complex I and it is a component of the iron-sulfur (IP) fragment of the enzyme. It may form part of the active site crevice where NADH is oxidized.
- Gene Name:
- NDUFS1
- Uniprot ID:
- P28331
- Molecular Weight:
- 79466.77 Da
References
- Eskandari MR, Mashayekhi V, Aslani M, Hosseini MJ: Toxicity of thallium on isolated rat liver mitochondria: The role of oxidative stress and MPT pore opening. Environ Toxicol. 2013 Aug 30. doi: 10.1002/tox.21900. [23996974 ]
- General Function:
- Ubiquinone binding
- Specific Function:
- Membrane-anchoring subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q).
- Gene Name:
- SDHD
- Uniprot ID:
- O14521
- Molecular Weight:
- 17042.82 Da
References
- Eskandari MR, Mashayekhi V, Aslani M, Hosseini MJ: Toxicity of thallium on isolated rat liver mitochondria: The role of oxidative stress and MPT pore opening. Environ Toxicol. 2013 Aug 30. doi: 10.1002/tox.21900. [23996974 ]
- General Function:
- Succinate dehydrogenase activity
- Specific Function:
- Flavoprotein (FP) subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q). Can act as a tumor suppressor.
- Gene Name:
- SDHA
- Uniprot ID:
- P31040
- Molecular Weight:
- 72690.975 Da
References
- Eskandari MR, Mashayekhi V, Aslani M, Hosseini MJ: Toxicity of thallium on isolated rat liver mitochondria: The role of oxidative stress and MPT pore opening. Environ Toxicol. 2013 Aug 30. doi: 10.1002/tox.21900. [23996974 ]
- General Function:
- Ubiquinone binding
- Specific Function:
- Iron-sulfur protein (IP) subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q).
- Gene Name:
- SDHB
- Uniprot ID:
- P21912
- Molecular Weight:
- 31629.365 Da
References
- Eskandari MR, Mashayekhi V, Aslani M, Hosseini MJ: Toxicity of thallium on isolated rat liver mitochondria: The role of oxidative stress and MPT pore opening. Environ Toxicol. 2013 Aug 30. doi: 10.1002/tox.21900. [23996974 ]
- General Function:
- Succinate dehydrogenase activity
- Specific Function:
- Membrane-anchoring subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q).
- Gene Name:
- SDHC
- Uniprot ID:
- Q99643
- Molecular Weight:
- 18610.03 Da
References
- Eskandari MR, Mashayekhi V, Aslani M, Hosseini MJ: Toxicity of thallium on isolated rat liver mitochondria: The role of oxidative stress and MPT pore opening. Environ Toxicol. 2013 Aug 30. doi: 10.1002/tox.21900. [23996974 ]
- General Function:
- Ribonuclease inhibitor activity
- Specific Function:
- Antagonizes the binding of 2-5A (5'-phosphorylated 2',5'-linked oligoadenylates) by RNase L through direct interaction with RNase L and therefore inhibits its endoribonuclease activity. May play a central role in the regulation of mRNA turnover. Antagonizes the anti-viral effect of the interferon-regulated 2-5A/RNase L pathway. May act as a chaperone for post-translational events during HIV-1 capsid assembly.
- Gene Name:
- ABCE1
- Uniprot ID:
- P61221
- Molecular Weight:
- 67313.73 Da
- General Function:
- Iron ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Participates in the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Essential for the synthesis of various steroid hormones, participates in the reduction of mitochondrial cytochrome P450 for steroidogenesis. Transfers electrons from adrenodoxin reductase to CYP11A1, a cytochrome P450 that catalyzes cholesterol side-chain cleavage.
- Gene Name:
- FDX1
- Uniprot ID:
- P10109
- Molecular Weight:
- 19392.475 Da
- General Function:
- Xanthine dehydrogenase activity
- Specific Function:
- Oxidase with broad substrate specificity, oxidizing aromatic azaheterocycles, such as N1-methylnicotinamide and N-methylphthalazinium, as well as aldehydes, such as benzaldehyde, retinal, pyridoxal, and vanillin. Plays a key role in the metabolism of xenobiotics and drugs containing aromatic azaheterocyclic substituents. Participates in the bioactivation of prodrugs such as famciclovir, catalyzing the oxidation step from 6-deoxypenciclovir to penciclovir, which is a potent antiviral agent. Is probably involved in the regulation of reactive oxygen species homeostasis. May be a prominent source of superoxide generation via the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen. Also may catalyze nitric oxide (NO) production via the reduction of nitrite to NO with NADH or aldehyde as electron donor. May play a role in adipogenesis.
- Gene Name:
- AOX1
- Uniprot ID:
- Q06278
- Molecular Weight:
- 147916.735 Da
- General Function:
- Cytochrome-c oxidase activity
- Specific Function:
- This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.
- Gene Name:
- COX4I2
- Uniprot ID:
- Q96KJ9
- Molecular Weight:
- 20010.02 Da
References
- Eskandari MR, Mashayekhi V, Aslani M, Hosseini MJ: Toxicity of thallium on isolated rat liver mitochondria: The role of oxidative stress and MPT pore opening. Environ Toxicol. 2013 Aug 30. doi: 10.1002/tox.21900. [23996974 ]
- General Function:
- Protein homodimerization activity
- Specific Function:
- Involved in pyrimidine base degradation. Catalyzes the reduction of uracil and thymine. Also involved the degradation of the chemotherapeutic drug 5-fluorouracil.
- Gene Name:
- DPYD
- Uniprot ID:
- Q12882
- Molecular Weight:
- 111400.32 Da
- General Function:
- Nadh dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity
- Specific Function:
- Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) that is believed to belong to the minimal assembly required for catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone (By similarity). May donate electrons to ubiquinone.
- Gene Name:
- NDUFS8
- Uniprot ID:
- O00217
- Molecular Weight:
- 23704.795 Da
- General Function:
- Succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity
- Specific Function:
- Two distinct, membrane-bound, FAD-containing enzymes are responsible for the catalysis of fumarate and succinate interconversion; the fumarate reductase is used in anaerobic growth, and the succinate dehydrogenase is used in aerobic growth.
- Gene Name:
- sdhB
- Uniprot ID:
- P07014
- Molecular Weight:
- 26769.545 Da
- General Function:
- Xanthine oxidase activity
- Specific Function:
- Key enzyme in purine degradation. Catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine. Catalyzes the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid. Contributes to the generation of reactive oxygen species. Has also low oxidase activity towards aldehydes (in vitro).
- Gene Name:
- XDH
- Uniprot ID:
- P47989
- Molecular Weight:
- 146422.99 Da