| Record Information |
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| Version | 2.0 |
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| Creation Date | 2009-07-06 18:11:24 UTC |
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| Update Date | 2014-12-24 20:25:45 UTC |
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| Accession Number | T3D2595 |
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| Identification |
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| Common Name | Pertussis toxin |
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| Class | Protein |
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| Description | Pertussis toxin (PTX; 106 kDa) is one of the numerous toxins from Bordetella pertussis, the agent of the whooping cough disease. Pertussis toxin belongs to the A-B5 bacterial toxin superfamily. It is composed of a B oligomer (subunits S1, S2, S3, (2)S4, and S5), responsible for its binding to target cells, and a A moiety (subunit S1) that exhibits ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. (1, 4) |
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| Compound Type | - Amide
- Amine
- Bacterial Toxin
- Natural Compound
- Organic Compound
- Protein
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| Protein Structure |  |
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| Synonyms | | Synonym | | Pertussis toxin subunit 1 | | Pertussis toxin subunit 2 | | Pertussis toxin subunit 3 | | Pertussis toxin subunit 4 | | Pertussis toxin subunit 5 | | ptxA | | ptxB | | ptxC | | ptxD | | ptxE |
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| Chemical Formula | Not Available |
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| Average Molecular Mass | 29973.970 g/mol |
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| CAS Registry Number | 70323-44-3 |
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| Sequence | Not Available |
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| Chemical Taxonomy |
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| Description | Not Available |
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| Kingdom | Organic Compounds |
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| Super Class | Organic Acids |
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| Class | Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives |
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| Sub Class | Amino Acids, Peptides, and Analogues |
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| Direct Parent | Peptides |
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| Alternative Parents | Not Available |
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| Substituents | Not Available |
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| Molecular Framework | Not Available |
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| External Descriptors | Not Available |
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| Biological Properties |
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| Status | Detected and Not Quantified |
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| Origin | Exogenous |
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| Cellular Locations | Not Available |
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| Biofluid Locations | Not Available |
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| Tissue Locations | Not Available |
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| Pathways | Not Available |
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| Applications | Not Available |
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| Biological Roles | Not Available |
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| Chemical Roles | Not Available |
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| Physical Properties |
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| State | Liquid |
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| Appearance | Clear solution. |
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| Experimental Properties | | Property | Value |
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| Melting Point | Not Available | | Boiling Point | Not Available | | Solubility | >10 mg/mL | | LogP | Not Available |
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| Predicted Properties | Not Available |
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| Spectra |
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| Spectra | | Spectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | View |
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| Toxicity Profile |
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| Route of Exposure | Ingestion (7) ; inhalation (7) ; dermal (7) |
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| Mechanism of Toxicity | After binding to the cell receptors, pertussis toxin (PTX) is endocytosed and the A moiety translocates into the cytosol where it expresses the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity on heterotrimeric G proteins. ADP-ribosylated G-proteins loose their ability to transduce signals. Furthermore, the binding of the B oligomer to the cell receptor is able to trigger different signal transduction pathways which, in turn, can lead to DNA synthesis in B cells, proliferation in T lymphocytes, and others. (1, 4) |
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| Metabolism | Free toxin may be removed by opsonization via the reticuloendothelial system (primarily the liver and kidneys) or it may be degraded through cellular internalization via the lysosomes. Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of digestive enzymes, including several proteases. |
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| Toxicity Values | Not Available |
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| Lethal Dose | Not Available |
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| Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) | No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). |
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| Uses/Sources | Pertussis toxin (PTX; 106 kDa) is one of the numerous toxins from Bordetella pertussis, the agent of the whooping cough disease. (1, 4) |
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| Minimum Risk Level | Not Available |
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| Health Effects | Pertussis toxin is an exotoxin produced by Bordetella pertussis, the agent of the whooping cough disease. (4, 3, 2) |
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| Symptoms | After an incubation period that is typically seven to ten days, pertussis in infants and young children is characterized initially by mild respiratory infection symptoms such as mild coughing, sneezing, and runny nose (catarrhal stage). After one to two weeks, the coughing develops into uncontrollable fits, each with five to ten forceful coughs, followed by a high-pitched "whoop" sound as the patient struggles to breathe in afterwards (paroxysmal stage). Coughing fits are commonly followed by vomiting, and can lead to malnutrition. Fits can occur on their own or can be triggered by eating; they usually occur in groups, with multiple episodes every hour around the clock. This stage lasts two to eight weeks, and sometimes longer. A gradual transition then occurs to the convalescent stage, which usually lasts one to two weeks. Common complications of the disease include pneumonia, encephalopathy, earache, and seizures. Infection in newborns is particularly severe, with a death risk of up to 3%, often caused by severe pulmonary hypertension. (6) |
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| Treatment | Treatment with an effective antibiotic (erythromycin or azithromycin) shortens the infectious period but does not generally alter the outcome of the disease; however, when treatment is initiated during the catarrhal stage, symptoms may be less severe. Three macrolides (erythromycin, azithromycin and clarithromycin) are used in the U.S. for treatment of pertussis; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is generally used when a macrolide is ineffective or is contraindicated. (6) |
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| Normal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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| Abnormal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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| External Links |
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| DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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| HMDB ID | Not Available |
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| PubChem Compound ID | Not Available |
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| ChEMBL ID | Not Available |
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| ChemSpider ID | Not Available |
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| KEGG ID | Not Available |
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| UniProt ID | P04977 |
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| OMIM ID | |
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| ChEBI ID | Not Available |
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| BioCyc ID | Not Available |
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| CTD ID | Not Available |
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| Stitch ID | Pertussis toxin |
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| PDB ID | 1BCP |
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| ACToR ID | Not Available |
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| Wikipedia Link | Pertussis_toxin |
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| References |
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| Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
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| MSDS | T3D2595.pdf |
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| General References | - Fabbri A, Travaglione S, Falzano L, Fiorentini C: Bacterial protein toxins: current and potential clinical use. Curr Med Chem. 2008;15(11):1116-25. [18473807 ]
- Ladant D, Ullmann A: Bordatella pertussis adenylate cyclase: a toxin with multiple talents. Trends Microbiol. 1999 Apr;7(4):172-6. [10217833 ]
- Locht C, Antoine R, Jacob-Dubuisson F: Bordetella pertussis, molecular pathogenesis under multiple aspects. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2001 Feb;4(1):82-9. [11173039 ]
- Smith AM, Guzman CA, Walker MJ: The virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis: a matter of control. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2001 May;25(3):309-33. [11348687 ]
- Wikipedia. Pertussis toxin. Last Updated 9 August 2009. [Link]
- Wikipedia. Whooping Cough. Last Updated 7 August 2009. [Link]
- Wikipedia. Bacterial toxin. Last Updated 27 February 2009. [Link]
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| Gene Regulation |
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| Up-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
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| Down-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
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