| Record Information |
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| Version | 2.0 |
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| Creation Date | 2009-07-06 18:11:36 UTC |
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| Update Date | 2014-12-24 20:25:47 UTC |
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| Accession Number | T3D2623 |
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| Identification |
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| Common Name | Cholera toxin |
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| Class | Protein |
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| Description | Cholera toxin (Ctx) is produced by Vibrio cholerae. Cholera enterotoxin is an A-B5 toxin. It contains 5 binding (B) subunits of 11,500 daltons, an active (1) subunit of 23,500 daltons, and a bridging piece (2) of 5,500 daltons that links A1 to the 5B subunits. CTX is responsible for the harmful effects of cholera infection. (4) |
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| Compound Type | - Amide
- Amine
- Bacterial Toxin
- Natural Compound
- Organic Compound
- Protein
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| Protein Structure |  |
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| Synonyms | | Synonym | | Cholera enterotoxin | | Cholera enterotoxin subunit A | | Cholera enterotoxin subunit B |
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| Chemical Formula | Not Available |
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| Average Molecular Mass | 29335.385 g/mol |
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| CAS Registry Number | 9012-63-9 |
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| Sequence | Not Available |
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| Chemical Taxonomy |
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| Description | Not Available |
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| Kingdom | Organic Compounds |
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| Super Class | Organic Acids |
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| Class | Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives |
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| Sub Class | Amino Acids, Peptides, and Analogues |
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| Direct Parent | Peptides |
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| Alternative Parents | Not Available |
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| Substituents | Not Available |
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| Molecular Framework | Not Available |
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| External Descriptors | Not Available |
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| Biological Properties |
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| Status | Detected and Not Quantified |
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| Origin | Exogenous |
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| Cellular Locations | Not Available |
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| Biofluid Locations | Not Available |
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| Tissue Locations | Not Available |
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| Pathways | Not Available |
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| Applications | Not Available |
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| Biological Roles | Not Available |
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| Chemical Roles | Not Available |
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| Physical Properties |
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| State | Liquid |
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| Appearance | Clear solution. |
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| Experimental Properties | | Property | Value |
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| Melting Point | Not Available | | Boiling Point | Not Available | | Solubility | >10 mg/mL | | LogP | Not Available |
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| Predicted Properties | Not Available |
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| Spectra |
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| Spectra | | Spectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | View |
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| Toxicity Profile |
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| Route of Exposure | Ingestion (6) ; inhalation (6) ; dermal (6) |
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| Mechanism of Toxicity | The effect is dependent on a specific receptor, monosialosyl ganglioside (GM1 ganglioside) present on the surface of intestinal mucosal cells. Once it has entered the cell, the A1 subunit enzymatically transfers ADP ribose from NAD to the Gs alpha subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein, that regulates the adenylate cyclase system. ADP ribosylation of G proteins stimulates adenlyate cyclase and increases cAMP in cells of the GI tract, promote secretion of fluid and electrolytes in intestinal epithelium leading to rapid dehydration and diarrhea. (4) |
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| Metabolism | Free toxin may be removed by opsonization via the reticuloendothelial system (primarily the liver and kidneys) or it may be degraded through cellular internalization via the lysosomes. Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of digestive enzymes, including several proteases. |
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| Toxicity Values | Not Available |
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| Lethal Dose | Not Available |
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| Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) | No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). |
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| Uses/Sources | Cholera toxin (Ctx) is produced by Vibrio cholerae. It is responsible for the harmful effects of cholera infection. (4) |
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| Minimum Risk Level | Not Available |
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| Health Effects | Cholera toxin (Ctx) is responsible for the harmful effects of cholera infection, an an infectious gastroenteritis. In its most severe forms, cholera is one of the most rapidly fatal illnesses known. (4, 5) |
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| Symptoms | The main symptom of cholera is exhaustive diarrhea. (3) |
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| Treatment | In most cases cholera can be successfully treated with oral rehydration therapy. (3) |
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| Normal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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| Abnormal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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| External Links |
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| DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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| HMDB ID | Not Available |
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| PubChem Compound ID | Not Available |
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| ChEMBL ID | Not Available |
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| ChemSpider ID | Not Available |
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| KEGG ID | Not Available |
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| UniProt ID | P01555 |
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| OMIM ID | |
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| ChEBI ID | Not Available |
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| BioCyc ID | Not Available |
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| CTD ID | Not Available |
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| Stitch ID | Cholera toxin |
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| PDB ID | 1S5B |
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| ACToR ID | Not Available |
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| Wikipedia Link | Not Available |
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| References |
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| Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
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| MSDS | T3D2623.pdf |
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| General References | - Croal LR, Gralnick JA, Malasarn D, Newman DK: The genetics of geochemistry. Annu Rev Genet. 2004;38:175-202. [15568975 ]
- Needleman HL, Schell A, Bellinger D, Leviton A, Allred EN: The long-term effects of exposure to low doses of lead in childhood. An 11-year follow-up report. N Engl J Med. 1990 Jan 11;322(2):83-8. [2294437 ]
- Wikipedia. Resiniferatoxin. Last Updated 19 May 2009. [Link]
- Wikipedia. Cholera toxin. Last Updated 15 July 2009. [Link]
- Wikipedia. Cholera. Last Updated 10 August 2009. [Link]
- Wikipedia. Bacterial toxin. Last Updated 27 February 2009. [Link]
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| Gene Regulation |
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| Up-Regulated Genes | | Gene | Gene Symbol | Gene ID | Interaction | Chromosome | Details |
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| Down-Regulated Genes | | Gene | Gene Symbol | Gene ID | Interaction | Chromosome | Details |
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