Anthopleurin (Anthopleura xanthogrammica) (T3D2589)
| Record Information | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Version | 2.0 | ||||||||||
| Creation Date | 2009-07-05 17:25:25 UTC | ||||||||||
| Update Date | 2014-12-24 20:25:44 UTC | ||||||||||
| Accession Number | T3D2589 | ||||||||||
| Identification | |||||||||||
| Common Name | Anthopleurin (Anthopleura xanthogrammica) | ||||||||||
| Class | Protein | ||||||||||
| Description | Anthopleurin is a peptide neurotoxin produced by the Giant green sea anemone (Anthopleura xanthogrammica). It acts on the voltage-gated sodium channels of nerve cells. (1) | ||||||||||
| Compound Type |
| ||||||||||
| Protein Structure |  | ||||||||||
| Synonyms |
| ||||||||||
| Chemical Formula | Not Available | ||||||||||
| Average Molecular Mass | 5137.770 g/mol | ||||||||||
| CAS Registry Number | 600880-63-9 | ||||||||||
| Sequence | Not Available | ||||||||||
| Chemical Taxonomy | |||||||||||
| Description | Not Available | ||||||||||
| Kingdom | Organic Compounds | ||||||||||
| Super Class | Organic Acids | ||||||||||
| Class | Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives | ||||||||||
| Sub Class | Amino Acids, Peptides, and Analogues | ||||||||||
| Direct Parent | Peptides | ||||||||||
| Alternative Parents | Not Available | ||||||||||
| Substituents | Not Available | ||||||||||
| Molecular Framework | Not Available | ||||||||||
| External Descriptors | Not Available | ||||||||||
| Biological Properties | |||||||||||
| Status | Detected and Not Quantified | ||||||||||
| Origin | Exogenous | ||||||||||
| Cellular Locations | Not Available | ||||||||||
| Biofluid Locations | Not Available | ||||||||||
| Tissue Locations | Not Available | ||||||||||
| Pathways | Not Available | ||||||||||
| Applications | Not Available | ||||||||||
| Biological Roles | Not Available | ||||||||||
| Chemical Roles | Not Available | ||||||||||
| Physical Properties | |||||||||||
| State | Liquid | ||||||||||
| Appearance | Clear solution. | ||||||||||
| Experimental Properties |
| ||||||||||
| Predicted Properties | Not Available | ||||||||||
| Spectra | |||||||||||
| Spectra |
| ||||||||||
| Toxicity Profile | |||||||||||
| Route of Exposure | Injection (sting/bite) (2) | ||||||||||
| Mechanism of Toxicity | Anthopleurin binds specifically to the voltage-gated sodium channel, thereby delaying its inactivation during signal transduction, resulting in strong stimulation of mammalian cardiac muscle contraction. (1) | ||||||||||
| Metabolism | Free toxin may be removed by opsonization via the reticuloendothelial system (primarily the liver and kidneys) or it may be degraded through cellular internalization via the lysosomes. Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of digestive enzymes, including several proteases. | ||||||||||
| Toxicity Values | Not Available | ||||||||||
| Lethal Dose | Not Available | ||||||||||
| Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) | No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). | ||||||||||
| Uses/Sources | Anthopleurin is a peptide neurotoxin produced by the Giant green sea anemone (Anthopleura xanthogrammica). (1) | ||||||||||
| Minimum Risk Level | Not Available | ||||||||||
| Health Effects | Anthopleurin is cardiotoxic. (1) | ||||||||||
| Symptoms | Sea anemone neurotoxin causes paralysis of its prey. (3) | ||||||||||
| Treatment | Not Available | ||||||||||
| Normal Concentrations | |||||||||||
| Not Available | |||||||||||
| Abnormal Concentrations | |||||||||||
| Not Available | |||||||||||
| External Links | |||||||||||
| DrugBank ID | Not Available | ||||||||||
| HMDB ID | Not Available | ||||||||||
| PubChem Compound ID | Not Available | ||||||||||
| ChEMBL ID | Not Available | ||||||||||
| ChemSpider ID | Not Available | ||||||||||
| KEGG ID | Not Available | ||||||||||
| UniProt ID | P01530 | ||||||||||
| OMIM ID | |||||||||||
| ChEBI ID | Not Available | ||||||||||
| BioCyc ID | Not Available | ||||||||||
| CTD ID | Not Available | ||||||||||
| Stitch ID | Anthopleurin | ||||||||||
| PDB ID | 1AHL | ||||||||||
| ACToR ID | Not Available | ||||||||||
| Wikipedia Link | Not Available | ||||||||||
| References | |||||||||||
| Synthesis Reference | Not Available | ||||||||||
| MSDS | T3D2589.pdf | ||||||||||
| General References | |||||||||||
| Gene Regulation | |||||||||||
| Up-Regulated Genes | Not Available | ||||||||||
| Down-Regulated Genes | Not Available | ||||||||||
Targets
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated sodium channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient.
- Gene Name:
- SCN1A
- Uniprot ID:
- P35498
- Molecular Weight:
- 228969.49 Da
References
- Wikipedia. Sea anemone neurotoxin. Last Updated 20 February 2009. [Link]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated sodium channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Tetrodotoxin-resistant channel that mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which sodium ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. Plays a role in neuropathic pain mechanisms.
- Gene Name:
- SCN10A
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9Y5Y9
- Molecular Weight:
- 220623.605 Da
References
- Wikipedia. Sea anemone neurotoxin. Last Updated 20 February 2009. [Link]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated sodium channel activity
- Specific Function:
- This protein mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which sodium ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. It is a tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channel isoform. Also involved, with the contribution of the receptor tyrosine kinase NTRK2, in rapid BDNF-evoked neuronal depolarization.
- Gene Name:
- SCN11A
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9UI33
- Molecular Weight:
- 204919.66 Da
References
- Wikipedia. Sea anemone neurotoxin. Last Updated 20 February 2009. [Link]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated sodium channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient.
- Gene Name:
- SCN2A
- Uniprot ID:
- Q99250
- Molecular Weight:
- 227972.64 Da
References
- Wikipedia. Sea anemone neurotoxin. Last Updated 20 February 2009. [Link]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated sodium channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient.
- Gene Name:
- SCN3A
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9NY46
- Molecular Weight:
- 226291.905 Da
References
- Wikipedia. Sea anemone neurotoxin. Last Updated 20 February 2009. [Link]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated sodium channel activity
- Specific Function:
- This protein mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. This sodium channel may be present in both denervated and innervated skeletal muscle.
- Gene Name:
- SCN4A
- Uniprot ID:
- P35499
- Molecular Weight:
- 208059.175 Da
References
- Wikipedia. Sea anemone neurotoxin. Last Updated 20 February 2009. [Link]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in sa node cell action potential
- Specific Function:
- This protein mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. It is a tetrodotoxin-resistant Na(+) channel isoform. This channel is responsible for the initial upstroke of the action potential. Channel inactivation is regulated by intracellular calcium levels.
- Gene Name:
- SCN5A
- Uniprot ID:
- Q14524
- Molecular Weight:
- 226937.475 Da
References
- Wikipedia. Sea anemone neurotoxin. Last Updated 20 February 2009. [Link]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated sodium channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient.
- Gene Name:
- SCN7A
- Uniprot ID:
- Q01118
- Molecular Weight:
- 193491.605 Da
References
- Wikipedia. Sea anemone neurotoxin. Last Updated 20 February 2009. [Link]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated sodium channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. In macrophages and melanoma cells, isoform 5 may participate in the control of podosome and invadopodia formation.
- Gene Name:
- SCN8A
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9UQD0
- Molecular Weight:
- 225278.005 Da
References
- Wikipedia. Sea anemone neurotoxin. Last Updated 20 February 2009. [Link]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated sodium channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. It is a tetrodotoxin-sensitive Na(+) channel isoform. Plays a role in pain mechanisms, especially in the development of inflammatory pain (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- SCN9A
- Uniprot ID:
- Q15858
- Molecular Weight:
- 226370.175 Da
References
- Wikipedia. Sea anemone neurotoxin. Last Updated 20 February 2009. [Link]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in purkinje myocyte action potential
- Specific Function:
- Crucial in the assembly, expression, and functional modulation of the heterotrimeric complex of the sodium channel. The subunit beta-1 can modulate multiple alpha subunit isoforms from brain, skeletal muscle, and heart. Its association with neurofascin may target the sodium channels to the nodes of Ranvier of developing axons and retain these channels at the nodes in mature myelinated axons.Isoform 2: Cell adhesion molecule that plays a critical role in neuronal migration and pathfinding during brain development. Stimulates neurite outgrowth.
- Gene Name:
- SCN1B
- Uniprot ID:
- Q07699
- Molecular Weight:
- 24706.955 Da
References
- Wikipedia. Sea anemone neurotoxin. Last Updated 20 February 2009. [Link]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potential
- Specific Function:
- Crucial in the assembly, expression, and functional modulation of the heterotrimeric complex of the sodium channel. The subunit beta-2 causes an increase in the plasma membrane surface area and in its folding into microvilli. Interacts with TNR may play a crucial role in clustering and regulation of activity of sodium channels at nodes of Ranvier (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- SCN2B
- Uniprot ID:
- O60939
- Molecular Weight:
- 24325.69 Da
References
- Wikipedia. Sea anemone neurotoxin. Last Updated 20 February 2009. [Link]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potential
- Specific Function:
- Modulates channel gating kinetics. Causes unique persistent sodium currents. Inactivates the sodium channel opening more slowly than the subunit beta-1. Its association with neurofascin may target the sodium channels to the nodes of Ranvier of developing axons and retain these channels at the nodes in mature myelinated axons (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- SCN3B
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9NY72
- Molecular Weight:
- 24702.08 Da
References
- Wikipedia. Sea anemone neurotoxin. Last Updated 20 February 2009. [Link]
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potential
- Specific Function:
- Modulates channel gating kinetics. Causes negative shifts in the voltage dependence of activation of certain alpha sodium channels, but does not affect the voltage dependence of inactivation. Modulates the suceptibility of the sodium channel to inhibition by toxic peptides from spider, scorpion, wasp and sea anemone venom.
- Gene Name:
- SCN4B
- Uniprot ID:
- Q8IWT1
- Molecular Weight:
- 24968.755 Da
References
- Wikipedia. Sea anemone neurotoxin. Last Updated 20 February 2009. [Link]