T3DB: Poneratoxin

Identification Taxonomy Biological Properties Physical Properties Toxicity Profile Spectra Concentrations Links References Gene Regulation Targets (14)XML

Targets (14)

Record Information

Version

2.0

Creation Date

2009-07-03 22:18:58 UTC

Update Date

2014-12-24 20:25:36 UTC

Accession Number

T3D2493

Identification

Common Name

Poneratoxin

Class

Protein

Description

Poneratoxin is a paralyzing neurotoxic peptide from the bullet ant Paraponera clavata that affects voltage-dependent sodium ion channels and blocks the synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. It is stored in the venom reservoir as an inactive 25-residue peptide. Poneratoxin has a V shape, with two alpha-helices connected by a beta-turn. It is a strong, but very slowly acting agonist for smooth muscles and its blocks synaptic transmission in the insect CNS in a concentration-dependent manner and depolarizes giant interneurons. Also affects neuromuscular transmission in rat tissue. Poneratoxin was first described in the early 1990s when an effort was being made to find natural substances which could lead to the development of insecticides and new types of muscle-relaxing compounds. Poneratoxin causes slow and long-lasting contractions of mammalian smooth muscles, blocks synaptic transmission by changing the kinetics of the voltage-dependent sodium channels and affects the excitability of insect axons. At low concentrations, these effects are reversible. One venom reservoir holds 1μg of poneratoxin; for a small insect this is enough to block transmission irreversibly if the venom is injected straight into the creature's central nervous system. For a vertebrate, it has been estimated that 30 bullet ant stings per kg is enough to kill. (1)

Compound Type

Amide
Amine
Animal Toxin
Insect Toxin
Natural Compound
Organic Compound
Protein

Protein Structure

Synonyms

Synonym
Pac-TX
PoTx

Chemical Formula

Not Available

Average Molecular Mass

2757.330 g/mol

CAS Registry Number

137084-94-7

Sequence

Not Available

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

Not Available

Kingdom

Organic Compounds

Super Class

Organic Acids

Class

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives

Sub Class

Amino Acids, Peptides, and Analogues

Direct Parent

Peptides

Alternative Parents

Not Available

Substituents

Not Available

Molecular Framework

Not Available

External Descriptors

Not Available

Biological Properties

Status

Detected and Not Quantified

Origin

Exogenous

Cellular Locations

Not Available

Biofluid Locations

Not Available

Tissue Locations

Not Available

Pathways

Not Available

Applications

Not Available

Biological Roles

Not Available

Chemical Roles

Not Available

Physical Properties

State

Liquid

Appearance

Clear solution.

Experimental Properties

Property	Value
Melting Point	Not Available
Boiling Point	Not Available
Solubility	>10 mg/mL
LogP	Not Available

Predicted Properties

Not Available

Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	Deposition Date	View

Toxicity Profile

Route of Exposure

Injection (sting/bite) (4)

Mechanism of Toxicity

Poneratoxin affects voltage-dependent sodium ion channels and is known to block nicotinic synaptic transmission in the insect central nervous system. (2)

Metabolism

Free toxin may be removed by opsonization via the reticuloendothelial system (primarily the liver and kidneys) or it may be degraded through cellular internalization via the lysosomes. Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of digestive enzymes, including several proteases.

Toxicity Values

Not Available

Lethal Dose

Not Available

Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Uses/Sources

Poneratoxin is a paralyzing neurotoxic peptide produced by the Bullet ant (Paraponera clavata). (2)

Minimum Risk Level

Not Available

Health Effects

Poneratoxin is neurotoxic. (2)

Symptoms

The Bullet ant's bite causes a burning, throbbing pain at the site bite location. In extreme causes temporary paralysis may also occur. (3)

Treatment

Minor bites and stings can be treated by: 1) washing the affected area with soap and water; 2) placing a cold compress (a flannel or cloth cooled with cold water) over the affected area to reduce swelling and 3) not scratching the area as it can become infected. If the symptoms of a systemic reaction (SR) appear, it could lead to anaphylactic shock. Anaphylaxis may need to be treated with an adrenaline injection, antihistamines, oxygen or an intravenous drip directly into a vein.

Normal Concentrations

Not Available

Abnormal Concentrations

Not Available

External Links

DrugBank ID

Not Available

HMDB ID

Not Available

PubChem Compound ID

Not Available

ChEMBL ID

Not Available

ChemSpider ID

Not Available

KEGG ID

Not Available

UniProt ID

P41736

OMIM ID

ChEBI ID

Not Available

BioCyc ID

Not Available

CTD ID

Not Available

Stitch ID

Not Available

PDB ID

1G92

ACToR ID

Not Available

Wikipedia Link

Not Available

References

Synthesis Reference

Not Available

MSDS

Not Available

General References

Szolajska E, Poznanski J, Ferber ML, Michalik J, Gout E, Fender P, Bailly I, Dublet B, Chroboczek J: Poneratoxin, a neurotoxin from ant venom. Structure and expression in insect cells and construction of a bio-insecticide. Eur J Biochem. 2004 Jun;271(11):2127-36. [15153103 ]
Wikipedia. Poneratoxin. Last Updated 3 April 2009. [Link]
Wikipedia. Paraponera clavata. Last Updated 11 June 2009. [Link]
Wikipedia. Insect toxins. Last Updated 19 February 2009. [Link]

Gene Regulation

Up-Regulated Genes

Not Available

Down-Regulated Genes

Not Available

Targets

Target Details

1. Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha

General Function:: Voltage-gated sodium channel activity
Specific Function:: Mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient.
Gene Name:: SCN1A
Uniprot ID:: P35498
Molecular Weight:: 228969.49 Da

References

Target Details

2. Sodium channel protein type 10 subunit alpha

General Function:: Voltage-gated sodium channel activity
Specific Function:: Tetrodotoxin-resistant channel that mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which sodium ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. Plays a role in neuropathic pain mechanisms.
Gene Name:: SCN10A
Uniprot ID:: Q9Y5Y9
Molecular Weight:: 220623.605 Da

References

Target Details

3. Sodium channel protein type 11 subunit alpha

General Function:: Voltage-gated sodium channel activity
Specific Function:: This protein mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which sodium ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. It is a tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channel isoform. Also involved, with the contribution of the receptor tyrosine kinase NTRK2, in rapid BDNF-evoked neuronal depolarization.
Gene Name:: SCN11A
Uniprot ID:: Q9UI33
Molecular Weight:: 204919.66 Da

References

Target Details

4. Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha

General Function:: Voltage-gated sodium channel activity
Specific Function:: Mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient.
Gene Name:: SCN2A
Uniprot ID:: Q99250
Molecular Weight:: 227972.64 Da

References

Target Details

5. Sodium channel protein type 3 subunit alpha

General Function:: Voltage-gated sodium channel activity
Specific Function:: Mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient.
Gene Name:: SCN3A
Uniprot ID:: Q9NY46
Molecular Weight:: 226291.905 Da

References

Target Details

6. Sodium channel protein type 4 subunit alpha

General Function:: Voltage-gated sodium channel activity
Specific Function:: This protein mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. This sodium channel may be present in both denervated and innervated skeletal muscle.
Gene Name:: SCN4A
Uniprot ID:: P35499
Molecular Weight:: 208059.175 Da

References

Target Details

7. Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha

General Function:: Voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in sa node cell action potential
Specific Function:: This protein mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. It is a tetrodotoxin-resistant Na(+) channel isoform. This channel is responsible for the initial upstroke of the action potential. Channel inactivation is regulated by intracellular calcium levels.
Gene Name:: SCN5A
Uniprot ID:: Q14524
Molecular Weight:: 226937.475 Da

References

Target Details

8. Sodium channel protein type 7 subunit alpha

General Function:: Voltage-gated sodium channel activity
Specific Function:: Mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient.
Gene Name:: SCN7A
Uniprot ID:: Q01118
Molecular Weight:: 193491.605 Da

References

Target Details

9. Sodium channel protein type 8 subunit alpha

General Function:: Voltage-gated sodium channel activity
Specific Function:: Mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. In macrophages and melanoma cells, isoform 5 may participate in the control of podosome and invadopodia formation.
Gene Name:: SCN8A
Uniprot ID:: Q9UQD0
Molecular Weight:: 225278.005 Da

References

Target Details

10. Sodium channel protein type 9 subunit alpha

General Function:: Voltage-gated sodium channel activity
Specific Function:: Mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. It is a tetrodotoxin-sensitive Na(+) channel isoform. Plays a role in pain mechanisms, especially in the development of inflammatory pain (By similarity).
Gene Name:: SCN9A
Uniprot ID:: Q15858
Molecular Weight:: 226370.175 Da

References

Target Details

11. Sodium channel subunit beta-1

General Function:: Voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in purkinje myocyte action potential
Specific Function:: Crucial in the assembly, expression, and functional modulation of the heterotrimeric complex of the sodium channel. The subunit beta-1 can modulate multiple alpha subunit isoforms from brain, skeletal muscle, and heart. Its association with neurofascin may target the sodium channels to the nodes of Ranvier of developing axons and retain these channels at the nodes in mature myelinated axons.Isoform 2: Cell adhesion molecule that plays a critical role in neuronal migration and pathfinding during brain development. Stimulates neurite outgrowth.
Gene Name:: SCN1B
Uniprot ID:: Q07699
Molecular Weight:: 24706.955 Da

References

Target Details

12. Sodium channel subunit beta-2

General Function:: Voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potential
Specific Function:: Crucial in the assembly, expression, and functional modulation of the heterotrimeric complex of the sodium channel. The subunit beta-2 causes an increase in the plasma membrane surface area and in its folding into microvilli. Interacts with TNR may play a crucial role in clustering and regulation of activity of sodium channels at nodes of Ranvier (By similarity).
Gene Name:: SCN2B
Uniprot ID:: O60939
Molecular Weight:: 24325.69 Da

References

Target Details

13. Sodium channel subunit beta-3

General Function:: Voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potential
Specific Function:: Modulates channel gating kinetics. Causes unique persistent sodium currents. Inactivates the sodium channel opening more slowly than the subunit beta-1. Its association with neurofascin may target the sodium channels to the nodes of Ranvier of developing axons and retain these channels at the nodes in mature myelinated axons (By similarity).
Gene Name:: SCN3B
Uniprot ID:: Q9NY72
Molecular Weight:: 24702.08 Da

References

Target Details

14. Sodium channel subunit beta-4

General Function:: Voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potential
Specific Function:: Modulates channel gating kinetics. Causes negative shifts in the voltage dependence of activation of certain alpha sodium channels, but does not affect the voltage dependence of inactivation. Modulates the suceptibility of the sodium channel to inhibition by toxic peptides from spider, scorpion, wasp and sea anemone venom.
Gene Name:: SCN4B
Uniprot ID:: Q8IWT1
Molecular Weight:: 24968.755 Da

References

Poneratoxin (T3D2493)

Targets

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