| Record Information |
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| Version | 2.0 |
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| Creation Date | 2009-03-27 01:07:10 UTC |
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| Update Date | 2014-12-24 20:22:43 UTC |
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| Accession Number | T3D0735 |
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| Identification |
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| Common Name | Zinc nitrate |
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| Class | Small Molecule |
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| Description | Zinc nitrate is a nitrate of zinc. It is used as a mordant in dyeing. Zinc is a metallic element with the atomic number 30. It is found in nature most often as the mineral sphalerite. Though excess zinc in harmful, in smaller amounts it is an essential element for life, as it is a cofactor for over 300 enzymes and is found in just as many transcription factors. Nitrite is a toxic compound known to cause methemoglobinemia. (11, 4, 5, 6) Zinc nitrate is a highly deliquescent substance which is usually prepared by dissolving zinc in nitric acid. It can be used as a mordant in dyeing. An example reaction gives a precipitate of zinc carbonate. |
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| Compound Type | - Industrial/Workplace Toxin
- Inorganic Compound
- Nitrate
- Synthetic Compound
- Zinc Compound
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| Chemical Structure | |
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| Synonyms | | Synonym | | (Zn(NO3)2) | | Celloxan | | Nitric acid, zinc salt | | X 4 (nitrate) | | Zinc dinitrate | | Zinc nitric acid |
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| Chemical Formula | N2O6Zn |
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| Average Molecular Mass | 189.419 g/mol |
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| Monoisotopic Mass | 187.905 g/mol |
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| CAS Registry Number | 7779-88-6 |
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| IUPAC Name | zinc(2+) ion dinitrate |
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| Traditional Name | zinc(2+) ion dinitrate |
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| SMILES | [Zn++].[O-]N(=O)=O.[O-]N(=O)=O |
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| InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/2NO3.Zn/c2*2-1(3)4;/q2*-1;+2 |
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| InChI Key | InChIKey=ONDPHDOFVYQSGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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| Chemical Taxonomy |
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| Description | belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as transition metal nitrates. These are inorganic compounds in which the largest oxoanion is nitrate, and in which the heaviest atom not in an oxoanion is a transition metal. |
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| Kingdom | Inorganic compounds |
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| Super Class | Mixed metal/non-metal compounds |
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| Class | Transition metal oxoanionic compounds |
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| Sub Class | Transition metal nitrates |
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| Direct Parent | Transition metal nitrates |
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| Alternative Parents | |
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| Substituents | - Transition metal nitrate
- Inorganic oxide
- Inorganic salt
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| Molecular Framework | Not Available |
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| External Descriptors | Not Available |
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| Biological Properties |
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| Status | Detected and Not Quantified |
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| Origin | Exogenous |
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| Cellular Locations | - Cytoplasm
- Cytoskeleton
- Cytosol
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Endosome
- Extracellular
- Mitochondrial Membrane
- Mitochondrion
- Peroxisome
- Plasma Membrane
- Soluble Fraction
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| Biofluid Locations | Not Available |
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| Tissue Locations | Not Available |
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| Pathways | | Name | SMPDB Link | KEGG Link |
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| Apoptosis | Not Available | map04210 | | Nitrogen Metabolism | Not Available | Not Available | | Abc transporters | Not Available | map02010 | | Oxidative phosphorylation | Not Available | map00190 | | Fatty Acid Biosynthesis | SMP00456 | map00061 | | Nucleotide Excision Repair | SMP00478 | map03420 | | Aflatoxin Biosynthesis | Not Available | Not Available | | Sulfur metabolism | Not Available | map00920 | | Primary bile acid biosynthesis | Not Available | map00120 | | Immunosuppressive Agents | Not Available | Not Available | | Homologous recombination | Not Available | map03440 | | Dna replication | Not Available | map03030 | | Butanoate metabolism | Not Available | map00650 | | Biosynthesis Of Amino Acids | Not Available | Not Available | | Base excision repair | Not Available | map03410 | | Antiulcer Drugs | Not Available | Not Available | | Aminoglycosides | Not Available | Not Available |
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| Applications | Not Available |
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| Biological Roles | Not Available |
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| Chemical Roles | Not Available |
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| Physical Properties |
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| State | Solid |
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| Appearance | Colorless crystals. |
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| Experimental Properties | | Property | Value |
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| Melting Point | Not Available | | Boiling Point | Not Available | | Solubility | Not Available | | LogP | Not Available |
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| Predicted Properties | |
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| Spectra |
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| Spectra | Not Available |
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| Toxicity Profile |
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| Route of Exposure | Inhalation (5) ; oral (5) ; dermal (5) |
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| Mechanism of Toxicity | Anaemia results from the excessive absorption of zinc suppressing copper and iron absorption, most likely through competitive binding of intestinal mucosal cells. Unbalanced levels of copper and zinc binding to Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase has been linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Stomach acid dissolves metallic zinc to give corrosive zinc chloride, which can cause damage to the stomach lining. Metal fume fever is thought to be an immune response to inhaled zinc. Nitrate's toxicity is a result of it's conversion to nitrite once in the body. Nitrite causes the autocatalytic oxidation of oxyhemoglobin to hydrogen peroxide and methemoglobin. This elevation of methemoglobin levels is a condition known as methemoglobinemia, and is characterized by tissue hypoxia, as methemoglobin cannot bind oxygen. (3, 12, 4, 5, 1) |
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| Metabolism | Zinc can enter the body through the lungs, skin, and gastrointestinal tract. Intestinal absorption of zinc is controlled by zinc carrier protein CRIP. Zinc also binds to metallothioneins, which help prevent absorption of excess zinc. Zinc is widely distributed and found in all tissues and tissues fluids, concentrating in the liver, gastrointestinal tract, kidney, skin, lung, brain, heart, and pancreas. In the bloodstream zinc is found bound to carbonic anhydrase in erythrocytes, as well as bound to albumin, _2-macroglobulin, and amino acids in the the plasma. Albumin and amino acid bound zinc can diffuse across tissue membranes. Zinc is excreted in the urine and faeces. Intake of some amount of nitrates and nitrites is a normal part of the nitrogen cycle in humans. In vivo conversion of nitrates to nitrites can occur in the gastrointestional tract under the right conditions, significantly enhancing nitrates' toxic potency. The major metabolic pathway for nitrate is conversion to nitrite, and then to ammonia. Nitrites, nitrates, and their metabolites are excreted in the urine. (11, 5) |
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| Toxicity Values | LD50: 1400 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (2) |
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| Lethal Dose | Not Available |
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| Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) | Ingested nitrate or nitrite under conditions that result in endogenous nitrosation is probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A). (9) |
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| Uses/Sources | Zinc nitrate is used as a mordant in dyeing. (6) |
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| Minimum Risk Level | Intermediate Oral: 0.3 mg/kg/day (8)
Chronic Oral: 0.3 mg/kg/day (8) |
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| Health Effects | Chronic exposure to zinc causes anemia, atazia, lethargy, and decreases the level of good cholesterol in the body. It is also believed to cause pancreatic and reproductive damage. Nitrate and nitrite poisoning causes methemoglobinemia. Nitrites may cause pregnancy complications and developmental effects. They may also be carcinogenic. (11, 5) |
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| Symptoms | Ingestion of large doses of zinc causes stomach cramps, nausea, and vomiting. Acute inhalation of large amounts of zinc causes metal fume fever, which is characterized by chills, fever, headache, weakness, dryness of the nose and throat, chest pain, and coughing. Dermal contact with zinc results in skin irritation. Nitrate and nitrite poisoning causes methemoglobinemia. Symptoms include cyanosis, cardiac dysrhythmias and circulatory failure, and progressive central nervous system (CNS) effects. CNS effects can range from mild dizziness and lethargy to coma and convulsions. (11, 5) |
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| Treatment | Zinc poisoning is treated symptomatically, often by administering fluids such as water or milk, or with gastric lavage. Methemoglobinemia can be treated with supplemental oxygen and methylene blue 1% solution administered intravenously slowly over five minutes followed by IV flush with normal saline. Methylene blue restores the iron in hemoglobin to its normal (reduced) oxygen-carrying state. (12, 5) |
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| Normal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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| Abnormal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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| External Links |
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| DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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| HMDB ID | Not Available |
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| PubChem Compound ID | 24518 |
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| ChEMBL ID | Not Available |
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| ChemSpider ID | 22926 |
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| KEGG ID | Not Available |
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| UniProt ID | Not Available |
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| OMIM ID | |
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| ChEBI ID | Not Available |
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| BioCyc ID | Not Available |
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| CTD ID | C042103 |
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| Stitch ID | Zinc nitrate |
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| PDB ID | Not Available |
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| ACToR ID | 12189 |
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| Wikipedia Link | Zinc_nitrate |
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| References |
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| Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
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| MSDS | T3D0735.pdf |
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| General References | - Vonk WI, Klomp LW: Role of transition metals in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Biochem Soc Trans. 2008 Dec;36(Pt 6):1322-8. doi: 10.1042/BST0361322. [19021549 ]
- Spiridonova VS, Shabalina LP: [Experimental study of the toxicity of zinc nitrate and carbonate]. Gig Tr Prof Zabol. 1986 Mar;(3):50. [3699504 ]
- Keszler A, Piknova B, Schechter AN, Hogg N: The reaction between nitrite and oxyhemoglobin: a mechanistic study. J Biol Chem. 2008 Apr 11;283(15):9615-22. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M705630200. Epub 2008 Jan 17. [18203719 ]
- Wikipedia. Zinc. Last Updated 24 March 2009. [Link]
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for zinc. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- Wikipedia. Zinc nitrate. Last Updated 16 March 2009. [Link]
- Wikipedia. Metallothionein. Last Updated 20 December 2008. [Link]
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2001). Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) for Hazardous Substances. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (2014). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. [Link]
- International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) INCHEM (1998). ICSC for 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol. [Link]
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Case Studies in Environmental Medicine. Nitrate/Nitrite Toxicity. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- Wikipedia. Methemoglobinemia. Last Updated 22 July 2009. [Link]
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| Gene Regulation |
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| Up-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
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| Down-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
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