| Record Information |
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| Version | 2.0 |
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| Creation Date | 2009-03-06 18:58:09 UTC |
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| Update Date | 2014-12-24 20:21:12 UTC |
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| Accession Number | T3D0142 |
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| Identification |
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| Common Name | Bromine |
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| Class | Small Molecule |
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| Description | Elemental bromine exists as a diatomic molecule, Br2. It is a dense, mobile, slightly transparent reddish-brown liquid, that evaporates easily at standard temperature and pressures to give an orange vapor (its color resembles nitrogen dioxide) that has a strongly disagreeable odor resembling that of chlorine. It is one of only two elements on the periodic table that are known to be liquids at room temperature (the other being mercury). Bromine is corrosive and toxic, with properties between those of chlorine and iodine. Free bromine does not occur in nature, but occurs as colorless soluble crystalline mineral halide salts, analogous to table salt. Bromine is used in the preparation of brominated flame retardants, it is also used in the preparation of gas additives and pesticides. Bromide compounds, especially potassium bromide, were frequently used as general sedatives in the 19th and early 20th century. Bromides in the form of simple salts are still used as anticonvulsants in both veterinary and human medicine, although the latter use varies from country to country. Bromine has been long believed to have no essential function in mammals, but recent research suggests that bromine is necessary for tissue development. In addition, bromine is used preferentially over chlorine by one antiparasitic enzyme in the human immune system. Organobromides are needed and produced enzymatically from bromide by some lower life forms in the sea, particularly algae. |
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| Compound Type | - Food Toxin
- Halogen
- Inorganic Compound
- Lachrymator
- Metabolite
- Natural Compound
- Non-Metal
- Pesticide
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| Chemical Structure | |
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| Synonyms | | Synonym | | Br2 | | Brom | | Bromine gas | | Bromine liquid | | Dibromine |
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| Chemical Formula | Br2 |
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| Average Molecular Mass | 159.808 g/mol |
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| Monoisotopic Mass | 157.837 g/mol |
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| CAS Registry Number | 7726-95-6 |
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| IUPAC Name | dibromane |
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| Traditional Name | Brom |
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| SMILES | BrBr |
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| InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/Br2/c1-2 |
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| InChI Key | InChIKey=GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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| Chemical Taxonomy |
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| Description | belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as homogeneous halogens. These are inorganic non-metallic compounds in which the largest atom is a nobel gas. |
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| Kingdom | Inorganic compounds |
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| Super Class | Homogeneous non-metal compounds |
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| Class | Homogeneous halogens |
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| Sub Class | Not Available |
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| Direct Parent | Homogeneous halogens |
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| Alternative Parents | Not Available |
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| Substituents | |
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| Molecular Framework | Not Available |
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| External Descriptors | |
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| Biological Properties |
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| Status | Detected and Not Quantified |
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| Origin | Exogenous |
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| Cellular Locations | - Cytoplasm
- Extracellular
- Microsome
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| Biofluid Locations | Not Available |
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| Tissue Locations | Not Available |
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| Pathways | | Name | SMPDB Link | KEGG Link |
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| Metabolic Pathways | Not Available | Not Available | | Butyrophenones | Not Available | Not Available |
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| Applications | Not Available |
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| Biological Roles | Not Available |
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| Chemical Roles | Not Available |
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| Physical Properties |
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| State | Gas or Liquid |
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| Appearance | Red liquid or orange vapour. |
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| Experimental Properties | | Property | Value |
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| Melting Point | -7.25°C | | Boiling Point | 59°C | | Solubility | 35 mg/mL at 20 °C [MILLS, JF (1985)] | | LogP | Not Available |
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| Predicted Properties | |
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| Spectra |
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| Spectra | | Spectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | View |
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| Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-0a4i-0900000000-910b678335ae6fededb9 | 2017-09-01 | View Spectrum | | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-12 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive | splash10-0a4i-0900000000-bceda49410b6a9adda52 | 2016-08-02 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive | splash10-0a4i-0900000000-bceda49410b6a9adda52 | 2016-08-02 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive | splash10-0a4i-0900000000-bceda49410b6a9adda52 | 2016-08-02 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative | splash10-0a4i-0900000000-ced64dc3e7ac6514aa80 | 2016-08-03 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative | splash10-0a4i-0900000000-ced64dc3e7ac6514aa80 | 2016-08-03 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative | splash10-0a4i-0900000000-ced64dc3e7ac6514aa80 | 2016-08-03 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive | splash10-0a4i-0900000000-b2528baf7cbc365b8965 | 2021-09-22 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive | splash10-0a4i-0900000000-b2528baf7cbc365b8965 | 2021-09-22 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive | splash10-0a4i-0900000000-b2528baf7cbc365b8965 | 2021-09-22 | View Spectrum |
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| Toxicity Profile |
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| Route of Exposure | Oral (9) ; inhalation (9) ; dermal (9) |
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| Mechanism of Toxicity | Bromine is a powerful oxidizing agent and is able to release oxygen free radicals from the water in mucous membranes. These free radicals are also potent oxidizers and produce tissue damage. In additon, the formation of hydrobromic and bromic acids will result in secondary irritation. The bromide ion is also known to affect the central nervous system, causing bromism. This is believed to be a result of bromide ions substituting for chloride ions in the in actions of neurotransmitters and transport systems, thus affecting numerous synaptic processes. (9, 10, 1) |
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| Metabolism | Bromine is mainly absorbed via inhalation, but may also enter the body through dermal contact. Bromine salts can be ingested. Due to its reactivity, bromine quickly forms bromide and may be deposited in the tissues, displacing other halogens. (9) |
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| Toxicity Values | LD50: 85.2 ppm (Intraperitoneal, Rat) (2)
LD50: 2600 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (2)
LC50: 750 ppm over 9 minutes (Inhalation, Mouse) (2) |
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| Lethal Dose | Not Available |
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| Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) | No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). |
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| Uses/Sources | Bromine is used mainly in fire retardants and fine chemicals. Bromine salts have also been used as gasoline additives and pesticides. (8) |
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| Minimum Risk Level | Not Available |
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| Health Effects | Bromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Elemental bromine also burns the skin. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant and chronic exposure produces neuronal effects. This is called bromism and can result in central reactions reaching from somnolence to coma, cachexia, exicosis, loss of reflexes or pathologic reflexes, clonic seizures, tremor, ataxia, loss of neural sensitivity, paresis, papillar edema of the eyes, abnormal speech, cerebral edema, delirium, aggressiveness, and psychoses. (8, 9, 10) |
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| Symptoms | Bromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Symptoms include lacrimation, rhinorrhoea, eye irritation with mucous secretions from the oropharyngeal and upper airways, coughing, dyspnoea, choking, wheezing, epistaxis, and headache. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant producing ataxia, slurred speech, tremor, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, dizziness, visual disturbances, unsteadiness, headaches, impaired memory and concentration, disorientation and hallucinations. (9, 10) |
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| Treatment | Bromine should be washed with water from any areas of dermal or ocular contact. If inhaled, treatment is mainly symptomatic and may include maintaining an adequate airway, administering oxygen, antibronchospasm therapy, and/or antibiotics. (9) |
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| Normal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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| Abnormal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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| External Links |
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| DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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| HMDB ID | HMDB31434 |
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| PubChem Compound ID | 24408 |
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| ChEMBL ID | Not Available |
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| ChemSpider ID | 22817 |
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| KEGG ID | C01324 |
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| UniProt ID | Not Available |
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| OMIM ID | |
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| ChEBI ID | 29224 |
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| BioCyc ID | BR- |
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| CTD ID | D001966 |
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| Stitch ID | Bromine |
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| PDB ID | Not Available |
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| ACToR ID | 8170 |
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| Wikipedia Link | Bromine |
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| References |
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| Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
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| MSDS | Link |
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| General References | - Ziouzenkova O, Orasanu G, Sharlach M, Akiyama TE, Berger JP, Viereck J, Hamilton JA, Tang G, Dolnikowski GG, Vogel S, Duester G, Plutzky J: Retinaldehyde represses adipogenesis and diet-induced obesity. Nat Med. 2007 Jun;13(6):695-702. Epub 2007 May 27. [17529981 ]
- Goodman AB: Retinoid receptors, transporters, and metabolizers as therapeutic targets in late onset Alzheimer disease. J Cell Physiol. 2006 Dec;209(3):598-603. [17001693 ]
- Lam KH, Gambari R, Yuen MC, Kan CW, Chan P, Xu L, Tang W, Chui CH, Cheng GY, Wong RS, Lau FY, Tong CS, Chan AK, Lai PB, Kok SH, Cheng CH, Chan AS, Tang JC: The preparation of 2,6-disubstituted pyridinyl phosphine oxides as novel anti-cancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2009 Apr 15;19(8):2266-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.02.091. Epub 2009 Feb 27. [19321340 ]
- Gregoriadis GC, Apostolidis NS, Romanos AN, Paradellis TP: Postoperative changes in serum bromine value. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1985 Mar;160(3):243-9. [3975796 ]
- European Chemicals Bureau (2007). IUCLID Dataset, Bromine (CAS # 7726-95-6).
- Golomb, BA (1999). A Review of the Scientific Literature As It Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses. Volume 2: Pyridostigmine Bromide. Washington, DC: RAND.
- Duke, James A. (1992) Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.
- Wikipedia. Bromine. Last Updated 9 June 2009. [Link]
- International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) INCHEM (1992). Poison Information Monograph for Bromine. [Link]
- Wikipedia. Potassium bromide. Last Updated 9 June 2009. [Link]
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| Gene Regulation |
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| Up-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
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| Down-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
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