| Record Information |
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| Version | 2.0 |
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| Creation Date | 2009-03-06 18:58:03 UTC |
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| Update Date | 2014-12-24 20:21:05 UTC |
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| Accession Number | T3D0091 |
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| Identification |
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| Common Name | Chloride ion |
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| Class | Small Molecule |
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| Description | In nature, chlorine is most abundant as a chloride ion. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. The chloride ion is an essential anion that the body needs for many critical functions. Chloride is a prominent negatively charged ion of the blood, where it represents 70% of the body’s total negative ion content. On average, an adult human body contains approximately 115 grams of chloride, making up about 0.15% of total body weight. The suggested amount of chloride intake ranges from 750 to 900 milligrams per day, based on the fact that total obligatory loss of chloride in the average person is close to 530 milligrams per day. Chloride helps keep the body's acid-base balance. The amount of chloride in the blood is carefully controlled by the kidneys. In addition to its functions as an electrolyte, chloride combines with hydrogen in the stomach to make hydrochloric acid, a powerful digestive enzyme that is responsible for the break down of proteins, absorption of other metallic minerals, and activation of intrinsic factor, which in turn absorbs vitamin B12. Chloride ions also have other important physiological roles. For instance, in the central nervous system, the inhibitory action of glycine and some of the action of GABA relies on the entry of Cl- into specific neurons. Also, the chloride-bicarbonate exchanger biological transport protein relies on the chloride ion to increase the blood's capacity of carbon dioxide, in the form of the bicarbonate ion. Chloride-transporting proteins (CLC) play fundamental roles in many tissues in the plasma membrane as well as in intracellular membranes. CLC proteins form a gene family that comprises nine members in mammals, at least four of which are involved in human genetic diseases. GABA(A) receptors are pentameric complexes that function as ligand-gated chloride ion channels. WNK kinases are a family of serine-threonine kinases that have been shown to play an essential role in the regulation of electrolyte homeostasis, and they are found in diverse epithelia throughout the body that are involved in chloride ion flux. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by alterations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTCR) gene that result in deranged sodium and chloride ion transport channels. (1, 2, 3, 4, 6). |
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| Compound Type | - Halogen
- Inorganic Compound
- Natural Compound
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| Chemical Structure | |
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| Synonyms | | Synonym | | Chloride | | Chloride (1-) | | Chlorine anion | | Cl(-) | | Cl(1-) |
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| Chemical Formula | Cl |
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| Average Molecular Mass | 35.454 g/mol |
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| Monoisotopic Mass | 34.969 g/mol |
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| CAS Registry Number | 22537-115-1 |
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| IUPAC Name | chloride |
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| Traditional Name | chloride |
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| SMILES | [Cl-] |
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| InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/ClH/h1H/p-1 |
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| InChI Key | InChIKey=VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M |
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| Chemical Taxonomy |
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| Description | belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as homogeneous halogens. These are inorganic non-metallic compounds in which the largest atom is a nobel gas. |
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| Kingdom | Inorganic compounds |
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| Super Class | Homogeneous non-metal compounds |
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| Class | Homogeneous halogens |
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| Sub Class | Not Available |
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| Direct Parent | Homogeneous halogens |
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| Alternative Parents | Not Available |
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| Substituents | |
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| Molecular Framework | Not Available |
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| External Descriptors | |
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| Biological Properties |
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| Status | Detected and Not Quantified |
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| Origin | Endogenous |
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| Cellular Locations | |
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| Biofluid Locations | Not Available |
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| Tissue Locations | |
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| Pathways | Not Available |
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| Applications | Not Available |
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| Biological Roles | |
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| Chemical Roles | Not Available |
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| Physical Properties |
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| State | Solid or Liquid |
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| Appearance | Clear liquid |
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| Experimental Properties | | Property | Value |
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| Melting Point | Depends on salt form | | Boiling Point | Depends on salt form | | Solubility | >500 mg/mL at 25°C [AMOORE,JE & HAUTALA,E (1983)] | | LogP | Not Available |
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| Predicted Properties | |
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| Spectra |
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| Spectra | | Spectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | View |
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| LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive | splash10-00di-0009000000-6fb9c471131023c432df | 2021-09-20 | View Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 30V, Positive | splash10-00di-0009000000-81a678b03172c0d73abf | 2021-09-20 | View Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive | splash10-00di-0009000000-5df8560ed945712b8481 | 2021-09-20 | View Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive | splash10-00di-0009000000-80bd16051562ea5ee2b7 | 2021-09-20 | View Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 50V, Positive | splash10-0a4i-0009000000-cf0884f0a8324da15f74 | 2021-09-20 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive | splash10-000i-9000000000-c4fb3d037fe2e74c2a5e | 2015-09-15 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive | splash10-000i-9000000000-c4fb3d037fe2e74c2a5e | 2015-09-15 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive | splash10-000i-9000000000-c4fb3d037fe2e74c2a5e | 2015-09-15 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative | splash10-001i-9000000000-d488e6da5c7ecb77869a | 2015-09-15 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative | splash10-001i-9000000000-d488e6da5c7ecb77869a | 2015-09-15 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative | splash10-001i-9000000000-d488e6da5c7ecb77869a | 2015-09-15 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative | splash10-001i-9000000000-c2fa753da65a4bac80a1 | 2021-09-22 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative | splash10-001i-9000000000-c2fa753da65a4bac80a1 | 2021-09-22 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative | splash10-001i-9000000000-c2fa753da65a4bac80a1 | 2021-09-22 | View Spectrum |
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| Toxicity Profile |
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| Route of Exposure | Inhalation (11) ; dermal (11) |
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| Mechanism of Toxicity | Chloride imbalances can lead to electrolyte and pH imbalances. Excessive chloride in the blood is known as hyperchloremia. Often hyperchloremia is associated with excessive intakes of dietary chloride, which only occur with the ingestion of large amounts of salt and potassium chloride (hypernatremia). Hyperchloremia can also occur due to loss of body fluids from prolonged vomiting, sweating or fever, kidney failure, kidney disorders or diabetes. The amount of chloride in the blood is carefully controlled by the kidneys. Chloride toxicity has not been observed in humans except in the special case of impaired sodium chloride metabolism, e.g. in congestive heart failure. |
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| Metabolism | In humans, 88% of chloride is extracellular and contributes to the osmotic activity of body fluids. The electrolyte balance in the body is maintained by adjusting total dietary intake and by excretion via the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract. Chloride is almost completely absorbed in normal individuals, mostly from the proximal half of the small intestine. Normal fluid loss amounts to about 1.5–2 litres/day, together with about 4 g of chloride per day. Most (90– 95%) is excreted in the urine, with minor amounts in faeces (4–8%) and sweat (2%). A normal adult human body contains approximately 81.7 g chloride. On the basis of a total obligatory loss of chloride of approximately 530 mg/day, a dietary intake for adults of 9 mg of chloride per kg of body weight has been recommended. |
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| Toxicity Values | Not Available |
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| Lethal Dose | Estimated fatal dose of sodium chloride and other chloride salts is approximately 0.75 to 3.00 g/kg |
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| Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) | No indication of carcinogenicity (not listed by IARC). (12) |
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| Uses/Sources | Chloride is found in table salt as well as most foods. Chloride is an essential element or micronutrient and helps keep the body’s electrolyte balance. |
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| Minimum Risk Level | Not Available |
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| Health Effects | The oral ingestion of larger quantities of sodium chloride, eg 1000 g in 600 mL of water, is harmful and can induce irritation of the gastrointestinal tract, vomiting, hypernatremia, respiratory distress, convulsions, and death. Hyperchloremia can also occur due to loss of body fluids from prolonged vomiting, sweating or fever, kidney failure, kidney disorders or diabetes. Hyperchloremia is associated with deep and labored breathing, weakness, and intense thirst. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by alterations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTCR) gene that result in deranged sodium and chloride ion transport channels. This leads to the production of very salty sweat and the excessive production of mucous in the lungs. More than 100 genetic diseases or inborn errors of metabolism are associated with electrolyte (i.e. chloride) imbalances. |
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| Symptoms | Hyperchloremia can be symptomatic with signs of deep and labored breathing (often associated with severe metabolic acidosis, particularly diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) but also renal failure), weakness, and intense thirst. |
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| Treatment | As with most types of electrolyte imbalance, the treatment of high blood chloride levels is based on correcting the underlying cause. If the patient is dehydrated, therapy consists of establishing and maintaining adequate hydration. If the condition is caused or exacerbated by medications or treatments, these may be altered or discontinued, if deemed prudent. If there is underlying kidney disease (which is likely if there are other electrolyte disturbances), then the patient will be referred to a nephrologist for further care. If there is an underlying dysfunction of the endocrine or hormone system, the patient will likely be referred to an endocrinologist for further assessment. |
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| Normal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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| Abnormal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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| External Links |
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| DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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| HMDB ID | HMDB00492 |
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| PubChem Compound ID | 24526 |
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| ChEMBL ID | Not Available |
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| ChemSpider ID | 4514529 |
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| KEGG ID | C00115 |
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| UniProt ID | Not Available |
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| OMIM ID | 103600 , 106195 , 109270 , 109280 , 111000 , 111300 , 118425 , 118930 , 121011 , 123885 , 125950 , 126650 , 131399 , 137163 , 137165 , 137192 , 138491 , 139392 , 141850 , 141900 , 145260 , 145500 , 160800 , 160900 , 166600 , 167050 , 171050 , 171060 , 173393 , 179800 , 181750 , 182307 , 186854 , 188070 , 192320 , 214700 , 218000 , 219700 , 223900 , 229100 , 230000 , 236200 , 241200 , 244400 , 248250 , 250900 , 255700 , 259700 , 261600 , 263800 , 264350 , 270420 , 277180 , 300008 , 300009 , 300138 , 300398 , 300554 , 302910 , 305990 , 308990 , 310468 , 560000 , 600041 , 600170 , 600228 , 600229 , 600232 , 600233 , 600359 , 600421 , 600436 , 600570 , 600580 , 600637 , 600760 , 600761 , 600791 , 600839 , 600840 , 600968 , 600997 , 601199 , 601271 , 601330 , 601678 , 601690 , 601844 , 601881 , 602023 , 602024 , 602056 , 602158 , 602359 , 602421 , 602522 , 602668 , 602722 , 602726 , 602727 , 602872 , 602958 , 602974 , 603080 , 603339 , 603353 , 603475 , 603506 , 603743 , 603831 , 603855 , 603906 , 604003 , 604045 , 604119 , 604159 , 604309 , 604337 , 604433 , 604471 , 604708 , 604878 , 604879 , 604943 , 604996 , 605125 , 605208 , 605232 , 605377 , 605646 , 605784 , 606038 , 606205 , 606410 , 606412 , 606465 , 606516 , 606520 , 606533 , 606536 , 606672 , 606680 , 606718 , 606726 , 606757 , 606845 , 606904 , 606983 , 607096 , 607239 , 607293 , 607335 , 607364 , 607582 , 607589 , 607591 , 607628 , 607631 , 607682 , 607854 , 608041 , 608390 , 608479 , 608480 , 608481 , 608855 , 608893 , 608919 , 609448 , 609914 , 610130 , 610291 , 610791 , 611316 , 611490 , 611492 |
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| ChEBI ID | 29310 |
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| BioCyc ID | CPD-4521 |
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| CTD ID | D002713 |
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| Stitch ID | Chlorine |
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| PDB ID | CL |
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| ACToR ID | 275 |
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| Wikipedia Link | Chlorine |
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| References |
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| Synthesis Reference | Weber, Rainer; Bulan, Andreas; Haas, Michel; Warsitz, Rafael; Werner, Knud. Production of chlorine from hydrogen chloride and oxygen. PCT Int. Appl. (2007), 30pp. CODEN: PIXXD2 WO 2007134861 A1 20071129 CAN 148:35931 AN 2007:1361621 |
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| MSDS | Link |
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| General References | - Harrison NL: Mechanisms of sleep induction by GABA(A) receptor agonists. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68 Suppl 5:6-12. [17539703 ]
- Zifarelli G, Pusch M: CLC chloride channels and transporters: a biophysical and physiological perspective. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol. 2007;158:23-76. [17729441 ]
- Tarran R, Donaldson S, Boucher RC: Rationale for hypertonic saline therapy for cystic fibrosis lung disease. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2007 Jun;28(3):295-302. [17562499 ]
- Kahle KT, Wilson FH, Lalioti M, Toka H, Qin H, Lifton RP: WNK kinases: molecular regulators of integrated epithelial ion transport. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2004 Sep;13(5):557-62. [15300163 ]
- Fainsinger RL: Palliative care in Edmonton. Support Care Cancer. 1995 Mar;3(2):91-2. [7539703 ]
- Evans RB: Chlorine: state of the art. Lung. 2005 May-Jun;183(3):151-67. [16078037 ]
- Rumack BH (2009). POISINDEX(R) Information System. Englewood, CO: Micromedex, Inc. CCIS Volume 141, edition expires Aug, 2009.
- Dart, R.C. (ed). Medical Toxicology. Third Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia, PA. 2004, p. 1058
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for chlorine. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- Wikipedia. Chlorine. Last Updated 25 July 2009. [Link]
- International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) INCHEM (2008). Poison Information Monograph for Chlorine. [Link]
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (2014). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. [Link]
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| Gene Regulation |
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| Up-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
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| Down-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
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