D-Fructose (T3D4345)

IdentificationTaxonomyBiological PropertiesPhysical PropertiesToxicity ProfileSpectraConcentrationsLinksReferencesGene RegulationTargets (5)XML
Targets (5)
Record Information
Version2.0
Creation Date2014-08-29 06:30:41 UTC
Update Date2014-12-24 20:26:47 UTC
Accession NumberT3D4345
Identification
Common NameD-Fructose
ClassSmall Molecule
DescriptionFructose, or fruit sugar, is a simple monosaccharide found in many plants, where it is often covalently linked to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose. Fructose is one of three common dietary monosaccharides, along with glucose and galactose, that are absorbed directly into the bloodstream during digestion. Fructose is found naturally in many fruits and vegetables and honey. It is frequently derived from sugar cane, sugar beets, and corn. High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), which is widely used as a sweetener in beverages and foods, is a mixture of glucose and fructose. The primary reason that fructose is used commercially in foods and beverages is because of its low cost and is its high relative sweetness. It is the sweetest of all naturally occurring carbohydrates being 1.73 times as sweet as sucrose. Fructose consumption in the U.S. has more than doubled in the past 30 years. Americans' fructose intake climbed from 15 grams per day in the early 1900s to 55 grams per day in 1994. This increase is largely due to an increase in soft drink consumption.
Compound Type
  • Animal Toxin
  • Metabolite
  • Natural Compound
  • Organic Compound
Chemical Structure
Thumb
MOLSDFPDBSMILESInChI
Synonyms
Synonym
beta-D-Arabino-hexulose
beta-D-Fructofuranose
beta-D-Fructose
beta-delta-Arabino-hexulose
beta-delta-Fructofuranose
beta-delta-Fructose
beta-Fruit sugar
beta-Levulose
D-(-)-Fructose
delta-(-)-Fructose
delta-Fructose
FRU
Fructon
Fructose
Fructosteril
Levugen
Levulose
lnulon
Chemical FormulaC6H12O6
Average Molecular Mass180.156 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass180.063 g/mol
CAS Registry Number53188-23-1
IUPAC Name(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-2,3,4-triol
Traditional Namefructose
SMILES[H][C@]1(CO)O[C@](O)(CO)[C@@]([H])(O)[C@]1([H])O
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-3-4(9)5(10)6(11,2-8)12-3/h3-5,7-11H,1-2H2/t3-,4-,5+,6-/m1/s1
InChI KeyInChIKey=RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as c-glycosyl compounds. These are glycoside in which a sugar group is bonded through one carbon to another group via a C-glycosidic bond.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic oxygen compounds
ClassOrganooxygen compounds
Sub ClassCarbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates
Direct ParentC-glycosyl compounds
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • C-glycosyl compound
  • Pentose monosaccharide
  • Monosaccharide
  • Tetrahydrofuran
  • Secondary alcohol
  • Hemiacetal
  • Oxacycle
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Polyol
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Primary alcohol
  • Alcohol
  • Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginExogenous
Cellular Locations
  • Extracellular
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue Locations
  • All Tissues
Pathways
NameSMPDB LinkKEGG Link
Amino Sugar MetabolismSMP00045 map00520
Fructose and Mannose DegradationSMP00064 map00051
Galactose MetabolismSMP00043 map00052
Starch and Sucrose MetabolismSMP00058 map00500
Fructose intolerance, hereditarySMP00725 Not Available
FructosuriaSMP00561 Not Available
ApplicationsNot Available
Biological RolesNot Available
Chemical RolesNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
AppearanceWhite crystals
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting Point103°C
Boiling Point440°C
Solubility778 mg/mL at 20°C
LogPNot Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility1110 g/LALOGPS
logP-2.4ALOGPS
logP-2.8ChemAxon
logS0.79ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)10.28ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-3ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count6ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count5ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area110.38 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count2ChemAxon
Refractivity36.36 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability16.26 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings1ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-076r-9600000000-f2c06850d0c3db9ec1032017-09-01View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (5 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0fb9-5614950000-6ef14e948d063026f7ee2017-10-06View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_4) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_5) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_4) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_5) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_6) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_7) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_8) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_9) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_10) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_3_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_3_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_3_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_3_4) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_3_5) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_3_6) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-0002-0900000000-2ce9036c30158be73d602012-07-24View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-00ri-9600000000-a826b29724713036f5792012-07-24View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-007a-9200000000-7621d8d96132cc999f4c2012-07-24View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF 10V, negativesplash10-000i-9000000000-f40ae4502b6a2e3ac8822020-07-21View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF 20V, negativesplash10-00di-9000000000-a6de82c4270a43535ef42020-07-21View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF 40V, negativesplash10-00di-9000000000-f9fa2c446096028a62b82020-07-21View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-000i-9000000000-f40ae4502b6a2e3ac8822021-09-20View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-00di-9000000000-a6de82c4270a43535ef42021-09-20View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-00di-9000000000-f9fa2c446096028a62b82021-09-20View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-001i-0900000000-2afc98a319bf6041adf02017-09-01View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-03ea-3900000000-1dd0cdea93f529e6ccb22017-09-01View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-0007-9100000000-d0f08ad6c9dee008067a2017-09-01View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-004i-2900000000-74b62c8ea3678afcff8a2017-09-01View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-01ta-1900000000-5a0f3f01ddf8c11c63702017-09-01View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-0006-9000000000-93c2b00aa44481aa86302017-09-01View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-056r-9800000000-b033c19e1db6b17bf7cf2021-09-23View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-0a4i-9500000000-01306ef5e3c5a271dfb22021-09-23View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-0a4l-9000000000-4e87bfc49b16641330532021-09-23View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-001i-0900000000-6aefe19f3e63c1b3fbef2021-09-24View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-03gm-9500000000-d2f178dbda765758ef3d2021-09-24View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-0btd-9000000000-62631cc26542b523e7d72021-09-24View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 125 MHz, H2O, experimental)Not Available2012-12-04View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H2O, experimental)Not Available2012-12-04View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, H2O, experimental)Not Available2021-10-10View Spectrum
2D NMR[1H, 1H]-TOCSY. Unexported temporarily by An Chi on Oct 15, 2021 until json or nmrML file is generated. 2D NMR Spectrum (experimental)Not Available2012-12-04View Spectrum
2D NMR[1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)Not Available2012-12-05View Spectrum
Toxicity Profile
Route of ExposureIngestion
Mechanism of ToxicityFructose is distinct from other sugars in its ability to cause intracellular ATP depletion, nucleotide turnover, and the generation of uric acid. Uric acid is generated via fructose due to its rapid phosphorylation (to fructose-1-phosphate) in the liver, leading to a rapid drop in free phosphate and ATP. This drop in ATP leads to the stimulation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) deaminase which deaminates AMP to produce IMP, which is subsequently converted to uric acid (10). Uric acid is normally an anti-oxidant but without sufficient amounts of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) present in the plasma, it functions as a pro-oxidant. Because many soft drinks and foods that are sweetened with high fructose corn syrup do not contain vitamin C, the resulting uric acid can lead to a number of harmful effects, including gout, chronic inflammation, hypertension, increased adiposity, fatty liver disease and obesity (10). Many studies have shown that elevated uric acid levels are associated with several metabolic and cardiovascular conditions, including diabetes and coronary artery disease (10). Elevated serum uric acid has also been shown to be the most reliable predictor for the development of hypertension and incident renal disease (11) as well as fatty liver disease (12). Fructose-induced uric acid generation also causes mitochondrial oxidative stress that stimulates fat accumulation independent of excessive caloric intake (13). Several studies have demonstrated that oxidative stress is one of the earliest phenomena observed in vascular, renal, liver cells and adipocytes exposed to uric acid (11). High fructose consumption is also associated with more severe depletion of liver ATP, which may impair liver "energy balance”. High-fructose beverages have also been shown to lead to lower circulating insulin and leptin levels, and higher ghrelin levels. Since leptin and insulin decrease appetite and ghrelin increases appetite, some researchers suspect that eating large amounts of fructose increases the likelihood of weight gain.
MetabolismFree fructose is absorbed directly by the intestine. When fructose is consumed in the form of sucrose, it is digested (broken down) and then absorbed as free fructose. Fructose absorption occurs on the mucosal membrane via facilitated transport involving GLUT5 and GLUT2 transport proteins. Fructose is phosphorylated in the liver by fructokinase (Km= 0.5 mM). Fructokinase initially produces fructose 1-phosphate, which is split by aldolase B to produce the trioses dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde. DHAP is then converted to glycerol-3-phophate which stimulates production of triglycerides. Nearly half (45%) of all pure fructose consumed is used up within 3-6 hours by the body for energy. If fructose is consumed with glucose (as it typically is in nature), up to 66% of it is used for energy within the same time frame. Roughly a third (29%) to a half (54%) of all fructose consumed is converted to glucose. Less than 1% of fructose appears to be directly converted to triglycerides.
Toxicity ValuesConsuming more than 100 g a day of pure fructose may lead to a modest but statistically significant rise in body weight of 0.44 kg a week. Consuming 100 g or more of fructose a day also significantly increases fasting levels of serum triglycerides. LD50: 15000 mg/kg (intravenous, rabbit)
Lethal DoseNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Uses/SourcesNot Available
Minimum Risk LevelNot Available
Health EffectsAcute consumption of fructose or high fructose corn syrup is essentially non-toxic. Chronic, excess fructose consumption has been shown to be a cause (or indirect cause) of gout, insulin resistance, hypertension, obesity, fatty liver disease, elevated LDL cholesterol and elevated triglycerides, leading to metabolic syndrome. In Wistar rats, a laboratory model of diabetes, 10% fructose feeding as opposed to 10% glucose feeding was found to increase blood triglyceride levels by 86%, whereas the same amount of glucose had no effect on triglycerides. A 2008 study found a substantial risk of incident gout associated with the consumption of fructose or fructose-rich foods. It is suspected that the fructose found in soft drinks (e.g., carbonated beverages) and other sweetened drinks is the primary reason for this increased incidence.
SymptomsNot Available
TreatmentNot Available
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
DrugBank IDDB04173
HMDB IDHMDB00660
PubChem Compound ID439709
ChEMBL IDCHEMBL604608
ChemSpider ID388775
KEGG IDC02336
UniProt IDNot Available
OMIM ID
ChEBI ID28645
BioCyc IDCPD-535
CTD IDNot Available
Stitch IDNot Available
PDB IDFRU
ACToR IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkFRU
References
Synthesis Reference

Larry W. Peckous, “Integrated process for producing crystalline fructose and a high-fructose, liquid phase sweetener.” U.S. Patent US5656094, issued 0000.

MSDSLink
General References
  1. Vicari E, La Vignera S, Castiglione R, Calogero AE: Sperm parameter abnormalities, low seminal fructose and reactive oxygen species overproduction do not discriminate patients with unilateral or bilateral post-infectious inflammatory prostato-vesiculo-epididymitis. J Endocrinol Invest. 2006 Jan;29(1):18-25. [16553029 ]
  2. Bar A: Characteristics and significance of D-tagatose-induced liver enlargement in rats: An interpretative review. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 1999 Apr;29(2 Pt 2):S83-93. [10341166 ]
  3. Andrade-Rocha FT: Semen analysis in an infertile man with seminal vesicles cysts associated with ipsilateral renal agenesis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2006;38(1):101-3. [16502061 ]
  4. Andrade-Rocha FT: Seminal fructose levels in male infertility: relationship with sperm characteristics. Int Urol Nephrol. 1999;31(1):107-11. [10408311 ]
  5. Gonzales GF, Villena A: True corrected seminal fructose level: a better marker of the function of seminal vesicles in infertile men. Int J Androl. 2001 Oct;24(5):255-60. [11554981 ]
  6. Buemann B, Gesmar H, Astrup A, Quistorff B: Effects of oral D-tagatose, a stereoisomer of D-fructose, on liver metabolism in man as examined by 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Metabolism. 2000 Oct;49(10):1335-9. [11079825 ]
  7. Koca Y, Ozdal OL, Celik M, Unal S, Balaban N: Antioxidant activity of seminal plasma in fertile and infertile men. Arch Androl. 2003 Sep-Oct;49(5):355-9. [12893512 ]
  8. Williams AC, Ford WC: The role of glucose in supporting motility and capacitation in human spermatozoa. J Androl. 2001 Jul-Aug;22(4):680-95. [11451366 ]
  9. Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07762. [19212411 ]
  10. Rho YH, Zhu Y, Choi HK: The epidemiology of uric acid and fructose. Semin Nephrol. 2011 Sep;31(5):410-9. doi: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2011.08.004. [22000647 ]
  11. Kang DH, Ha SK: Uric Acid Puzzle: Dual Role as Anti-oxidantand Pro-oxidant. Electrolyte Blood Press. 2014 Jun;12(1):1-6. doi: 10.5049/EBP.2014.12.1.1. Epub 2014 Jun 30. [25061467 ]
  12. Li Y, Xu C, Yu C, Xu L, Miao M: Association of serum uric acid level with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a cross-sectional study. J Hepatol. 2009 May;50(5):1029-34. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2008.11.021. Epub 2009 Jan 9. [19299029 ]
  13. Johnson RJ, Nakagawa T, Sanchez-Lozada LG, Shafiu M, Sundaram S, Le M, Ishimoto T, Sautin YY, Lanaspa MA: Sugar, uric acid, and the etiology of diabetes and obesity. Diabetes. 2013 Oct;62(10):3307-15. doi: 10.2337/db12-1814. [24065788 ]
Gene Regulation
Up-Regulated GenesNot Available
Down-Regulated GenesNot Available

Targets

Target Details
1. Bis(5'-adenosyl)-triphosphatase
General Function:
Ubiquitin protein ligase binding
Specific Function:
Cleaves P(1)-P(3)-bis(5'-adenosyl) triphosphate (Ap3A) to yield AMP and ADP. Can also hydrolyze P(1)-P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate (Ap4A), but has extremely low activity with ATP. Modulates transcriptional activation by CTNNB1 and thereby contributes to regulate the expression of genes essential for cell proliferation and survival, such as CCND1 and BIRC5. Plays a role in the induction of apoptosis via SRC and AKT1 signaling pathways. Inhibits MDM2-mediated proteasomal degradation of p53/TP53 and thereby plays a role in p53/TP53-mediated apoptosis. Induction of apoptosis depends on the ability of FHIT to bind P(1)-P(3)-bis(5'-adenosyl) triphosphate or related compounds, but does not require its catalytic activity, it may in part come from the mitochondrial form, which sensitizes the low-affinity Ca(2+) transporters, enhancing mitochondrial calcium uptake. Functions as tumor suppressor.
Gene Name:
FHIT
Uniprot ID:
P49789
Molecular Weight:
16858.11 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [17139284 ]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [17016423 ]
Target Details
2. Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn]
General Function:
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function:
Destroys radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems.
Gene Name:
SOD1
Uniprot ID:
P00441
Molecular Weight:
15935.685 Da
References
  1. Takamiya R, Takahashi M, Myint T, Park YS, Miyazawa N, Endo T, Fujiwara N, Sakiyama H, Misonou Y, Miyamoto Y, Fujii J, Taniguchi N: Glycation proceeds faster in mutated Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutases related to familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. FASEB J. 2003 May;17(8):938-40. Epub 2003 Mar 5. [12626432 ]
Target Details
3. Ketohexokinase
General Function:
Ketohexokinase activity
Specific Function:
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of the ketose sugar fructose to fructose-1-phosphate.
Gene Name:
KHK
Uniprot ID:
P50053
Molecular Weight:
32522.765 Da
Target Details
4. Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 2
General Function:
Hexose transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function:
Facilitative glucose transporter. This isoform likely mediates the bidirectional transfer of glucose across the plasma membrane of hepatocytes and is responsible for uptake of glucose by the beta cells; may comprise part of the glucose-sensing mechanism of the beta cell. May also participate with the Na(+)/glucose cotransporter in the transcellular transport of glucose in the small intestine and kidney.
Gene Name:
SLC2A2
Uniprot ID:
P11168
Molecular Weight:
57488.955 Da
Target Details
5. Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 5
General Function:
Glucose transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function:
Cytochalasin B-sensitive carrier. Seems to function primarily as a fructose transporter.
Gene Name:
SLC2A5
Uniprot ID:
P22732
Molecular Weight:
54973.42 Da