Orotic acid (T3D4292)

IdentificationTaxonomyBiological PropertiesPhysical PropertiesToxicity ProfileSpectraConcentrationsLinksReferencesGene RegulationTargets (1)XML
Targets (1)
Record Information
Version2.0
Creation Date2014-08-29 06:16:18 UTC
Update Date2018-03-21 17:46:15 UTC
Accession NumberT3D4292
Identification
Common NameOrotic acid
ClassSmall Molecule
DescriptionOrotic acid is a minor dietary constituent. Indeed, until it was realized that it could be synthesized by humans, orotic acid was known as vitamin B-13. The richest dietary sources of orotic acid are cow's milk and other dairy products as well as root vegetables such as carrots and beets. Dietary intake probably contributes to a basal rate of orotic acid excretion in urine because fasting decreases excretion by ~50%. However, it is now apparent that most urinary orotic acid is synthesized in the body, where it arises as an intermediate in the pathway for the synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides. Orotic acid is converted to UMP by UMP synthase, a multifunctional protein with both orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidylate decarboxylase activity. The most frequently observed inborn error of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis is a mutation of the multifunctional protein UMP synthase (UMP synthase deficiency or Orotic aciduria). This disorder prevents the conversion of orotic acid to UMP and thus to other pyrimidines. As a result, plasma orotic acid accumulates to high concentrations, and increased quantities appear in the urine. Indeed, urinary orotic acid is so markedly increased in individuals harboring a mutation in UMP synthase that orotic acid crystals can form in the urine. The urinary concentration of orotic acid in individuals suffering from orotic aciduria can be of the order of millimoles per millimole creatinine. By comparison, the urinary level in unaffected individuals is ~ 1 umol/mmol creatinine (PMID: 17513443). Orotic aciduria is characterized by megaloblastic anemia and orotic acid crystalluria that is frequently associated with some degree of physical and mental retardation. These features respond to appropriate pyrimidine replacement therapy, and most cases appear to have a good prognosis. When present in sufficiently high levels, orotic acid can act as an acidogen and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of orotic acid are associated with at least 7 inborn errors of metabolism including: Argininemia, LPI syndrome (lysinuric protein intolerance), Hyperornithinemia-Hyperammonemia-Homocitrullinuria (HHH), OTC deficiency, Citrullinemia Type I, Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency and Orotic Aciduria. Orotic acid is an organic acid. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart abnormalities, seizures, coma, and possibly death. These are also the characteristic symptoms of the untreated IEMs mentioned above. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. In adults, acidosis or acidemia is characterized by headaches, confusion, feeling tired, tremors, sleepiness, and seizures.
Compound Type
  • Animal Toxin
  • Ester
  • Food Toxin
  • Metabolite
  • Natural Compound
  • Organic Compound
Chemical Structure
Thumb
MOLSDFPDBSMILESInChI
Synonyms
Synonym
1,2,3,6-Tetrahydro-2,6-dioxo-4-pyrimidecarboxylic acid
1,2,3,6-Tetrahydro-2,6-dioxo-4-Pyrimidinecarboxylic acid
1,2,3,6-Tetrahydro-2,6-dioxopyrimidin-4-carbonsaeure
2,6-Dihydroxy-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid
2,6-Dihydroxypyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid
2,6-Dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid
2,6-Dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid
6-Carboxy-2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine
6-Carboxyuracil
6-Uracilcarboxylic acid
Acide orotique
Acido orotico
Acidum oroticum
Animal galactose factor
Lactinium
Molkensaeure
ORO
Orodin
Oropur
Orotate
Orotonin
Orotonsan
Orotsaeure
Orotsaure
Oroturic
Orotyl
Uracil-6-carbosaeure
Uracil-6-carboxylate
Uracil-6-carboxylic acid
Vitamin B13
Whey factor
Chemical FormulaC5H4N2O4
Average Molecular Mass156.096 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass156.017 g/mol
CAS Registry Number65-86-1
IUPAC Name2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid
Traditional Nameorotic acid
SMILESOC(=O)C1=CC(O)=NC(O)=N1
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/C5H4N2O4/c8-3-1-2(4(9)10)6-5(11)7-3/h1H,(H,9,10)(H2,6,7,8,11)
InChI KeyInChIKey=PXQPEWDEAKTCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidinecarboxylic acids. These are pyrimidines with a structure containing a carboxyl group attached to the pyrimidine ring.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganoheterocyclic compounds
ClassDiazines
Sub ClassPyrimidines and pyrimidine derivatives
Direct ParentPyrimidinecarboxylic acids
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid
  • Hydropyrimidine carboxylic acid derivative
  • Pyrimidone
  • Hydropyrimidine
  • Heteroaromatic compound
  • Vinylogous amide
  • Urea
  • Lactam
  • Azacycle
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginEndogenous
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue Locations
  • Liver
  • Pancreas
Pathways
NameSMPDB LinkKEGG Link
Pyrimidine MetabolismSMP00046 map00240
ArgininemiaSMP00357 Not Available
Citrullinemia Type ISMP00001 Not Available
Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase DeficiencySMP00210 Not Available
UMP Synthase Deiciency (Orotic Aciduria)SMP00219 Not Available
ApplicationsNot Available
Biological Roles
Chemical RolesNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
AppearanceWhite powder.
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting Point345.5°C
Boiling PointNot Available
Solubility1.82 mg/mL at 18°C
LogP-0.83
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility4.51 g/LALOGPS
logP-0.89ALOGPS
logP-1.2ChemAxon
logS-1.5ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)2.83ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-6ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count4ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count3ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area95.5 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count1ChemAxon
Refractivity33.27 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability12.46 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings1ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateView
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (Non-derivatized)splash10-0udi-1982000000-b20f2ec9a2f1acc84ae12014-06-16View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (3 TMS)splash10-0zfr-2693000000-07bf11b5177412647d9b2014-06-16View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-0udi-1982000000-b20f2ec9a2f1acc84ae12017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)splash10-0zfr-2693000000-07bf11b5177412647d9b2017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-0udi-1972000000-c04fb7381d3ca07c9b0a2017-09-12View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-06ri-6900000000-4ba5fde1f8f62c4a2ba22016-09-22View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0229-9850000000-8164142820eb5162e7532017-10-06View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_1_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_1_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Negative (Annotated)splash10-03di-0900000000-81d73aed73c250fff3ae2012-07-24View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Negative (Annotated)splash10-0006-9300000000-ecb08d1854a2789480d12012-07-24View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Negative (Annotated)splash10-0006-9100000000-15748a4c13636c42f4f92012-07-24View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Positivesplash10-02ti-4900000000-6fd6312d81f94faaaf112012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Negativesplash10-03di-0900000000-1b7abf52e4a01cb855412012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negativesplash10-03di-0900000000-1b7abf52e4a01cb855412017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - , negativesplash10-03di-0900000000-3dff3caa5c10aff8ce462017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positivesplash10-02ti-4900000000-6fd6312d81f94faaaf112017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-004i-9000000000-351f585d58b38f6132de2021-09-20View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-0a4r-0900000000-4e46209ca236b470bf7f2021-09-20View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-014i-9300000000-aa9cd31d715d134ee8dd2021-09-20View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-014i-9000000000-cdd01e740b6f9d1a909a2021-09-20View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-03di-1900000000-baf39ad8ab6f08fb1a7b2021-09-20View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-0bt9-0900000000-1ad59feda583f2247b212015-04-24View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-03di-2900000000-0d0d27215e9f39a2a15b2015-04-24View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-0006-9100000000-918a38777f5d4e0496972015-04-24View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-0a4i-0900000000-d7bbee7f2dc7bb0c6a832015-04-25View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-03dl-7900000000-303fe3e06e98f518a2ee2015-04-25View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-0006-9000000000-b2c02975bbba65c2f1c62015-04-25View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-0bt9-0900000000-1ad59feda583f2247b212015-05-27View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-03di-2900000000-0d0d27215e9f39a2a15b2015-05-27View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-0006-9100000000-918a38777f5d4e0496972015-05-27View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-0a4i-0900000000-d7bbee7f2dc7bb0c6a832015-05-27View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-03dl-7900000000-303fe3e06e98f518a2ee2015-05-27View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-0006-9000000000-b2c02975bbba65c2f1c62015-05-27View Spectrum
MSMass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)splash10-066r-9300000000-e5c3ef3304f93a38628c2014-09-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)Not Available2012-12-04View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 90 MHz, DMSO-d6, experimental)Not Available2014-09-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
2D NMR[1H, 1H]-TOCSY. Unexported temporarily by An Chi on Oct 15, 2021 until json or nmrML file is generated. 2D NMR Spectrum (experimental)Not Available2012-12-04View Spectrum
2D NMR[1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)Not Available2012-12-05View Spectrum
Toxicity Profile
Route of ExposureNot Available
Mechanism of ToxicityNot Available
MetabolismNot Available
Toxicity ValuesNot Available
Lethal DoseNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Uses/SourcesThis is an endogenously produced metabolite found in the human body. It is used in metabolic reactions, catabolic reactions or waste generation.
Minimum Risk LevelNot Available
Health EffectsChronically high levels of orotic acid are associated with at least 4 inborn errors of metabolism including: Argininemia, Citrullinemia Type I, Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency and Orotic Aciduria.
SymptomsNot Available
TreatmentNot Available
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
DrugBank IDDB02262
HMDB IDHMDB00226
PubChem Compound ID967
ChEMBL IDCHEMBL1235017
ChemSpider ID942
KEGG IDC00295
UniProt IDNot Available
OMIM ID
ChEBI ID16742
BioCyc IDOROTATE
CTD IDNot Available
Stitch IDNot Available
PDB IDORO
ACToR IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkOrotic acid
References
Synthesis Reference

Paul Rambacher, Siegfried Make, “Process for preparing orotic acid.” U.S. Patent US4062847, issued November, 1960.

MSDSLink
General References
  1. Brosnan ME, Brosnan JT: Orotic acid excretion and arginine metabolism. J Nutr. 2007 Jun;137(6 Suppl 2):1656S-1661S. [17513443 ]
  2. Zieve L: Conditional deficiencies of ornithine or arginine. J Am Coll Nutr. 1986;5(2):167-76. [3088083 ]
  3. Visek WJ: Ammonia: its effects on biological systems, metabolic hormones, and reproduction. J Dairy Sci. 1984 Mar;67(3):481-98. [6371080 ]
  4. Arranz JA, Riudor E, Rodes M, Roig M, Climent C, Rubio V, Sentis M, Burlina A: Optimization of allopurinol challenge: sample purification, protein intake control, and the use of orotidine response as a discriminative variable improve performance of the test for diagnosing ornithine carbamoyltransferase deficiency. Clin Chem. 1999 Jul;45(7):995-1001. [10388475 ]
  5. Sugio K, Gazdar AF, Albores-Saavedra J, Kokkinakis DM: High yields of K-ras mutations in intraductal papillary mucinous tumors and invasive adenocarcinomas induced by N-nitroso(2-hydroxypropyl)(2-oxopropyl)amine in the pancreas of female Syrian hamsters. Carcinogenesis. 1996 Feb;17(2):303-9. [8625455 ]
  6. Shoemaker JD, Elliott WH: Automated screening of urine samples for carbohydrates, organic and amino acids after treatment with urease. J Chromatogr. 1991 Jan 2;562(1-2):125-38. [2026685 ]
  7. Finkelstein JE, Hauser ER, Leonard CO, Brusilow SW: Late-onset ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency in male patients. J Pediatr. 1990 Dec;117(6):897-902. [2246687 ]
  8. Harris ML, Oberholzer VG: Conditions affecting the colorimetry of orotic acid and orotidine in urine. Clin Chem. 1980 Mar;26(3):473-9. [7363468 ]
  9. Jakobs C, Sweetman L, Nyhan WL, Gruenke L, Craig JC, Wadman SK: Stable isotope dilution analysis of orotic acid and uracil in amniotic fluid. Clin Chim Acta. 1984 Nov 15;143(2):123-33. [6391739 ]
  10. Visek WJ: Arginine and disease states. J Nutr. 1985 Apr;115(4):532-41. [3884753 ]
  11. Mizutani Y, Wada H, Fukushima M, Yoshida O, Nakanishi H, Li YN, Miki T: Prognostic significance of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase activity in bladder carcinoma. Cancer. 2004 Feb 15;100(4):723-31. [14770427 ]
  12. Valik D, Sedova Z, Starha J, Zeman J, Hruba E, Dvorakova L: Acute hyperammonaemic encephalopathy in a female newborn caused by a novel, de novo mutation in the ornithine transcarbamylase gene. Acta Paediatr. 2004 May;93(5):710-1. [15174800 ]
  13. Mills GC, Schmalstieg FC, Newkirk KE, Goldblum RM: Cytosine and orotic acid in urine of immunodeficient children. Clin Chem. 1979 Mar;25(3):419-24. [262183 ]
  14. Paradis D, Giguere R, Auray-Blais C, Draper P, Lemieux B: An automated method for the determination of orotic acid in the urine of children being screened for metabolic disorders. Clin Biochem. 1980 Aug;13(4):160-3. [7449082 ]
  15. Potter M, Hammond JW, Sim KG, Green AK, Wilcken B: Ornithine carbamoyltransferase deficiency: improved sensitivity of testing for protein tolerance in the diagnosis of heterozygotes. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2001 Feb;24(1):5-14. [11286382 ]
  16. van Kuilenburg AB, van Lenthe H, Loffler M, van Gennip AH: Analysis of pyrimidine synthesis "de novo" intermediates in urine and dried urine filter- paper strips with HPLC-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chem. 2004 Nov;50(11):2117-24. Epub 2004 Sep 16. [15375016 ]
Gene Regulation
Up-Regulated GenesNot Available
Down-Regulated GenesNot Available

Targets

Target Details
1. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone), mitochondrial
General Function:
Ubiquinone binding
Specific Function:
Catalyzes the conversion of dihydroorotate to orotate with quinone as electron acceptor.
Gene Name:
DHODH
Uniprot ID:
Q02127
Molecular Weight:
42866.93 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [17139284 ]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [17016423 ]
  3. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [10592235 ]