T3DB: Cholecalciferol

Identification Taxonomy Biological Properties Physical Properties Toxicity Profile Spectra Concentrations Links References Gene Regulation Targets (4)XML

Targets (4)

Record Information

Version

2.0

Creation Date

2009-07-21 20:26:12 UTC

Update Date

2014-12-24 20:25:49 UTC

Accession Number

T3D2703

Identification

Common Name

Cholecalciferol

Class

Small Molecule

Description

Cholecalciferol is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ultraviolet rays breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ergocalciferol in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24. [PubChem]The first step involved in the activation of vitamin D3 is a 25-hydroxylation which is catalysed by the 25-hydroxylase in the liver and then by other enzymes. The mitochondrial sterol 27-hydroxylase catalyses the first reaction in the oxidation of the side chain of sterol intermediates. The active form of vitamin D3 (calcitriol) binds to intracellular receptors that then function as transcription factors to modulate gene expression. Like the receptors for other steroid hormones and thyroid hormones, the vitamin D receptor has hormone-binding and DNA-binding domains. The vitamin D receptor forms a complex with another intracellular receptor, the retinoid-X receptor, and that heterodimer is what binds to DNA. In most cases studied, the effect is to activate transcription, but situations are also known in which vitamin D suppresses transcription. Calcitriol increases the serum calcium concentrations by: increasing GI absorption of phosphorus and calcium, increasing osteoclastic resorption, and increasing distal renal tubular reabsorption of calcium. Calcitriol appears to promote intestinal absorption of calcium through binding to the vitamin D receptor in the mucosal cytoplasm of the intestine. Subsequently, calcium is absorbed through formation of a calcium-binding protein.

Compound Type

Antihypocalcemic Agent
Antihypoparathyroid Agent
Antithyroid Agent
Bone Density Conservation Agent
Drug
Essential Vitamin
Food Toxin
Household Toxin
Metabolite
Nutraceutical
Organic Compound
Synthetic Compound
Vitamin
Vitamin D

Chemical Structure

MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI

Synonyms

Synonym
(+)-vitamin D3
(1S,3Z)-3-[(2e)-2-[(1R,3AR,7as)-7a-methyl-1-[(2R)-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-2,3,3a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylidene-cyclohexan-1-ol
(3beta,5Z,7e)-9,10-Secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-trien-3-ol
(5Z,7e)-(3S)-9,10-Secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-trien-3-ol
Activated 7-dehydrocholesterol
Calciol
CC
Colecalciferol
delta-D
Micro-D
Oleovitamin D3
Optimal-D
Vigantol
Vitamin D3

Chemical Formula

C₂₇H₄₄O

Average Molecular Mass

384.638 g/mol

Monoisotopic Mass

384.339 g/mol

CAS Registry Number

67-97-0

IUPAC Name

(1S,3Z)-3-{2-[(1R,3aS,4E,7aR)-7a-methyl-1-[(2R)-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-octahydro-1H-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene}-4-methylidenecyclohexan-1-ol

Traditional Name

vitamin D3

SMILES

[H]\C(\C(\[H])=C1/CCC[C@@]2(C)[C@@]1([H])CC[C@]2([H])[C@]([H])(C)CCCC(C)C)=C1/C[C@@]([H])(O)CCC1=C

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C27H44O/c1-19(2)8-6-9-21(4)25-15-16-26-22(10-7-17-27(25,26)5)12-13-23-18-24(28)14-11-20(23)3/h12-13,19,21,24-26,28H,3,6-11,14-18H2,1-2,4-5H3/b22-12+,23-13-/t21-,24+,25-,26+,27-/m1/s1

InChI Key

InChIKey=QYSXJUFSXHHAJI-YRZJJWOYSA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

belongs to the class of organic compounds known as vitamin d and derivatives. Vitamin D and derivatives are compounds containing a secosteroid backbone, usually secoergostane or secocholestane.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Lipids and lipid-like molecules

Class

Steroids and steroid derivatives

Sub Class

Vitamin D and derivatives

Direct Parent

Vitamin D and derivatives

Alternative Parents

Substituents

Triterpenoid
Cyclic alcohol
Secondary alcohol
Organic oxygen compound
Hydrocarbon derivative
Organooxygen compound
Alcohol
Aliphatic homopolycyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aliphatic homopolycyclic compounds

External Descriptors

secondary alcohol (CHEBI:28940 )
steroid hormone (CHEBI:28940 )
seco-cholestane (CHEBI:28940 )
hydroxy seco-steroid (CHEBI:28940 )
D3 vitamins (CHEBI:28940 )
Vitamin D3 and derivatives (C05443 )
Fat-soluble vitamins (C05443 )
Vitamin D3 and derivatives (LMST03020000 )

Biological Properties

Status

Detected and Not Quantified

Origin

Endogenous

Cellular Locations

Cytoplasm
Extracellular
Membrane

Biofluid Locations

Not Available

Tissue Locations

Not Available

Pathways

Not Available

Applications

Not Available

Biological Roles

Chemical Roles

Not Available

Physical Properties

State

Solid

Appearance

White powder.

Experimental Properties

Property	Value
Melting Point	84.5°C
Boiling Point	496.4°C
Solubility	Insoluble
LogP	7.5

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	0.00038 g/L	ALOGPS
logP	7.98	ALOGPS
logP	7.13	ChemAxon
logS	-6	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	18.38	ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	-1.3	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	1	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	1	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	20.23 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	6	ChemAxon
Refractivity	123.22 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	49.63 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	3	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	1	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	Yes	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	Yes	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	Yes	ChemAxon

Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	Deposition Date	View
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-0aou-3029000000-1950c74de34369a70400	2017-09-01	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-002f-9207800000-c6f808a014153de38d58	2017-10-06	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-12	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-12	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_1_1) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-11-06	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	splash10-014r-0129000000-80de8aabbfb587d8f7b9	2016-08-01	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive	splash10-0abi-2595000000-1f5db35cc732efef5e27	2016-08-01	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive	splash10-0pb9-7195000000-b742ddd81b2f98395fab	2016-08-01	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative	splash10-001i-0009000000-70f22151bd69b3307086	2016-08-03	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative	splash10-001i-0009000000-7ff3c3cf4e98856a166b	2016-08-03	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative	splash10-014i-1249000000-8756607b9fd7d6008ac9	2016-08-03	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	splash10-000i-0459000000-cdb5561f3458bde4c2f1	2021-09-22	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive	splash10-0kmj-7494000000-5a36ac0547956f9ac058	2021-09-22	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive	splash10-0a4i-3930000000-c62b5a8a92e3487b90ed	2021-09-22	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative	splash10-001i-0009000000-bfd82bd18d8804cfa1d2	2021-09-23	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative	splash10-001i-0009000000-d168cadb843f05c02d05	2021-09-23	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative	splash10-001i-0539000000-277213cec95d0ba155c5	2021-09-23	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, CDCl₃, experimental)	Not Available	2019-05-16	View Spectrum
2D NMR	[¹H, ¹³C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, CDCl₃, experimental)	Not Available	2019-05-16	View Spectrum

Toxicity Profile

Route of Exposure

Oral, readily absorbed

Mechanism of Toxicity

The first step involved in the activation of vitamin D3 is a 25-hydroxylation which is catalysed by the 25-hydroxylase in the liver and then by other enzymes. The mitochondrial sterol 27-hydroxylase catalyses the first reaction in the oxidation of the side chain of sterol intermediates. The active form of vitamin D3 (calcitriol) binds to intracellular receptors that then function as transcription factors to modulate gene expression. Like the receptors for other steroid hormones and thyroid hormones, the vitamin D receptor has hormone-binding and DNA-binding domains. The vitamin D receptor forms a complex with another intracellular receptor, the retinoid-X receptor, and that heterodimer is what binds to DNA. In most cases studied, the effect is to activate transcription, but situations are also known in which vitamin D suppresses transcription. Calcitriol increases the serum calcium concentrations by: increasing GI absorption of phosphorus and calcium, increasing osteoclastic resorption, and increasing distal renal tubular reabsorption of calcium. Calcitriol appears to promote intestinal absorption of calcium through binding to the vitamin D receptor in the mucosal cytoplasm of the intestine. Subsequently, calcium is absorbed through formation of a calcium-binding protein.

Metabolism

Within the liver, cholecalciferal is hydroxylated to calcidiol (25-hydroxycholecalciferol) by the enzyme 25-hydroxylase. Within the kidney, calcidiol serves as a substrate for 1-alpha-hydroxylase, yielding calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol), the biologically active form of vitamin D3. Half Life: Several weeks

Toxicity Values

Not Available

Lethal Dose

Not Available

Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Uses/Sources

For the treatment of vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency, refractory rickets (vitamin D resistant rickets), familial hypophosphatemia and hypoparathyroidism, and in the management of hypocalcemia and renal osteodystrophy in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing dialysis. Also used in conjunction with calcium in the management and prevention of primary or corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis.

Minimum Risk Level

Not Available

Health Effects

Not Available

Symptoms

Hypercalcemia - Early symptoms of hypercalcemia, include nausea and vomiting, weakness, headache, somnolence, dry mouth, constipation, metallic taste, muscle pain and bone pain. Late symptoms and signs of hypercalcemia, include polyuria, polydipsia, anorexia, weight loss, nocturia, conjunctivitis, pancreatitis, photophobia, rhinorrhea, pruritis, hyperthermia, decreased libido, elevated BUN, albuminuria, hypercholesterolemia, elevated ALT (SGPT) and AST (SGOT), ectopic calcification, nephrocalcinosis, hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias.

Treatment

Not Available

Normal Concentrations

Not Available

Abnormal Concentrations

Not Available

External Links

DrugBank ID

HMDB ID

PubChem Compound ID

ChEMBL ID

ChemSpider ID

KEGG ID

UniProt ID

Not Available

OMIM ID

270400

ChEBI ID

28940

BioCyc ID

VITAMIN_D_%7B3%7D

CTD ID

Not Available

Stitch ID

Cholecalciferol

PDB ID

Not Available

ACToR ID

7582

Wikipedia Link

Cholecalciferol

References

Synthesis Reference

Jean Jolly, Primo Rizzi, Jean Taillardat, “1.alpha.,25.alpha.-Dihydroxy-cholecalciferol and methods for the production thereof.” U.S. Patent US4435325, issued May, 1977.

MSDS

Link

General References

Armas LA, Hollis BW, Heaney RP: Vitamin D2 is much less effective than vitamin D3 in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Nov;89(11):5387-91. [15531486 ]

Gene Regulation

Up-Regulated Genes

Gene	Gene Symbol	Gene ID	Interaction	Chromosome	Details

Down-Regulated Genes

Gene	Gene Symbol	Gene ID	Interaction	Chromosome	Details

Targets

Target Details

1. Sterol 26-hydroxylase, mitochondrial

General Function:: Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
Specific Function:: Catalyzes the first step in the oxidation of the side chain of sterol intermediates; the 27-hydroxylation of 5-beta-cholestane-3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-triol. Has also a vitamin D3-25-hydroxylase activity.
Gene Name:: CYP27A1
Uniprot ID:: Q02318
Molecular Weight:: 60234.28 Da

References

Lehmann B, Tiebel O, Meurer M: Expression of vitamin D3 25-hydroxylase (CYP27) mRNA after induction by vitamin D3 or UVB radiation in keratinocytes of human skin equivalents--a preliminary study. Arch Dermatol Res. 1999 Sep;291(9):507-10. [10541881 ]
Sawada N, Sakaki T, Yoneda S, Kusudo T, Shinkyo R, Ohta M, Inouye K: Conversion of vitamin D3 to 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 by Streptomyces griseolus cytochrome P450SU-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 Jul 16;320(1):156-64. [15207715 ]
Uchida E, Kagawa N, Sakaki T, Urushino N, Sawada N, Kamakura M, Ohta M, Kato S, Inouye K: Purification and characterization of mouse CYP27B1 overproduced by an Escherichia coli system coexpressing molecular chaperonins GroEL/ES. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 Oct 15;323(2):505-11. [15369780 ]
Sakaki T, Kagawa N, Yamamoto K, Inouye K: Metabolism of vitamin D3 by cytochromes P450. Front Biosci. 2005 Jan 1;10:119-34. Print 2005 Jan 1. [15574355 ]
Tokar EJ, Webber MM: Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) inhibits growth and invasion by up-regulating nuclear receptors and 25-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) in human prostate cancer cells. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2005;22(3):275-84. [16158255 ]

Target Details

2. Vitamin D-binding protein

General Function:: Vitamin transporter activity
Specific Function:: Involved in vitamin D transport and storage, scavenging of extracellular G-actin, enhancement of the chemotactic activity of C5 alpha for neutrophils in inflammation and macrophage activation.
Gene Name:: GC
Uniprot ID:: P02774
Molecular Weight:: 52963.025 Da

References

Nykjaer A, Dragun D, Walther D, Vorum H, Jacobsen C, Herz J, Melsen F, Christensen EI, Willnow TE: An endocytic pathway essential for renal uptake and activation of the steroid 25-(OH) vitamin D3. Cell. 1999 Feb 19;96(4):507-15. [10052453 ]
Verboven C, Rabijns A, De Maeyer M, Van Baelen H, Bouillon R, De Ranter C: A structural basis for the unique binding features of the human vitamin D-binding protein. Nat Struct Biol. 2002 Feb;9(2):131-6. [11799400 ]
Houghton LA, Vieth R: The case against ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) as a vitamin supplement. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Oct;84(4):694-7. [17023693 ]
Yamamoto N, Naraparaju VR: Vitamin D3-binding protein as a precursor for macrophage activating factor in the inflammation-primed macrophage activation cascade in rats. Cell Immunol. 1996 Jun 15;170(2):161-7. [8660814 ]
Yamamoto N, Naraparaju VR: Role of vitamin D3-binding protein in activation of mouse macrophages. J Immunol. 1996 Aug 15;157(4):1744-9. [8759764 ]

Target Details

3. Vitamin D3 receptor

General Function:: Zinc ion binding
Specific Function:: Nuclear hormone receptor. Transcription factor that mediates the action of vitamin D3 by controlling the expression of hormone sensitive genes. Recruited to promoters via its interaction with BAZ1B/WSTF which mediates the interaction with acetylated histones, an essential step for VDR-promoter association. Plays a central role in calcium homeostasis.
Gene Name:: VDR
Uniprot ID:: P11473
Molecular Weight:: 48288.64 Da

References

Reinhart GA: Vitamin D analogs: novel therapeutic agents for cardiovascular disease? Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2004 Sep;5(9):947-51. [15503649 ]
Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [11752352 ]
Fujishima T, Tsuji G, Tanaka C, Harayama H: Novel vitamin D receptor ligands having a carboxyl group as an anchor to arginine 274 in the ligand-binding domain. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2010 Jul;121(1-2):60-2. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.04.020. Epub 2010 May 6. [20435140 ]
Eloranta JJ, Hiller C, Juttner M, Kullak-Ublick GA: The SLCO1A2 gene, encoding human organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1A2, is transactivated by the vitamin D receptor. Mol Pharmacol. 2012 Jul;82(1):37-46. doi: 10.1124/mol.112.077909. Epub 2012 Apr 3. [22474172 ]

Target Details

4. Vitamin D 25-hydroxylase

General Function:: Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
Specific Function:: Has a D-25-hydroxylase activity on both forms of vitamin D, vitamin D(2) and D(3).
Gene Name:: CYP2R1
Uniprot ID:: Q6VVX0
Molecular Weight:: 57358.82 Da

References

Flanagan JN, Young MV, Persons KS, Wang L, Mathieu JS, Whitlatch LW, Holick MF, Chen TC: Vitamin D metabolism in human prostate cells: implications for prostate cancer chemoprevention by vitamin D. Anticancer Res. 2006 Jul-Aug;26(4A):2567-72. [16886665 ]
Segura-Aguilar J: Peroxidase activity of liver microsomal vitamin D 25-hydroxylase and cytochrome P450 1A2 catalyzes 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D3 and oxidation of dopamine to aminochrome. Biochem Mol Med. 1996 Jun;58(1):122-9. [8809353 ]

Cholecalciferol (T3D2703)

Structure for T3D2703: Cholecalciferol

Targets

References

References

References

References