Bifunctional hemolysin/adenylate cyclase (Bordetella pertussis) (T3D2596)

IdentificationTaxonomyBiological PropertiesPhysical PropertiesToxicity ProfileSpectraConcentrationsLinksReferencesGene RegulationTargets (1)XML
Targets (1)
Record Information
Version2.0
Creation Date2009-07-06 18:11:24 UTC
Update Date2014-12-24 20:25:45 UTC
Accession NumberT3D2596
Identification
Common NameBifunctional hemolysin/adenylate cyclase (Bordetella pertussis)
ClassProtein
DescriptionPertussis adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) is one of the numerous toxins from Bordetella pertussis, the agent of the whooping cough disease. Pertussis AC toxin belongs to the RTX bacterial toxin family. Pertussis AC toxin expresses haemolytic and calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase activities. (3, 2, 1)
Compound Type
  • Amide
  • Amine
  • Bacterial Toxin
  • Natural Compound
  • Organic Compound
  • Protein
Protein StructureT3d2596
Synonyms
Synonym
AC-HLY
ACT
Bifunctional hemolysin/adenylate cyclase
Clyclolysin
Cya
CyaA
Chemical FormulaNot Available
Average Molecular Mass177519.955 g/mol
CAS Registry Number566070-83-5
SequenceNot Available
Chemical Taxonomy
DescriptionNot Available
KingdomOrganic Compounds
Super ClassOrganic Acids
ClassCarboxylic Acids and Derivatives
Sub ClassAmino Acids, Peptides, and Analogues
Direct ParentPeptides
Alternative ParentsNot Available
SubstituentsNot Available
Molecular FrameworkNot Available
External DescriptorsNot Available
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginExogenous
Cellular LocationsNot Available
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
PathwaysNot Available
ApplicationsNot Available
Biological RolesNot Available
Chemical RolesNot Available
Physical Properties
StateLiquid
AppearanceClear solution.
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting PointNot Available
Boiling PointNot Available
Solubility>10 mg/mL
LogPNot Available
Predicted PropertiesNot Available
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateView
Toxicity Profile
Route of ExposureIngestion (6) ; inhalation (6) ; dermal (6)
Mechanism of ToxicityAfter binding of the pertussis AC toxin to the cell, binding to calcium ions leads to the translocation of its adenylate cyclase domain into the cytoplasm, where, upon binding by calmodulin, it produces ultraphysiological levels of cAMP. (3, 1)
MetabolismFree toxin may be removed by opsonization via the reticuloendothelial system (primarily the liver and kidneys) or it may be degraded through cellular internalization via the lysosomes. Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of digestive enzymes, including several proteases.
Toxicity ValuesNot Available
Lethal DoseNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Uses/SourcesPertussis adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) is one of the numerous toxins from Bordetella pertussis, the agent of the whooping cough disease. (3, 2, 1)
Minimum Risk LevelNot Available
Health EffectsPertussis adenylate cyclase toxin is an exotoxin produced by Bordetella pertussis, the agent of the whooping cough disease.(4)
SymptomsAfter an incubation period that is typically seven to ten days, pertussis in infants and young children is characterized initially by mild respiratory infection symptoms such as mild coughing, sneezing, and runny nose (catarrhal stage). After one to two weeks, the coughing develops into uncontrollable fits, each with five to ten forceful coughs, followed by a high-pitched "whoop" sound as the patient struggles to breathe in afterwards (paroxysmal stage). Coughing fits are commonly followed by vomiting, and can lead to malnutrition. Fits can occur on their own or can be triggered by eating; they usually occur in groups, with multiple episodes every hour around the clock. This stage lasts two to eight weeks, and sometimes longer. A gradual transition then occurs to the convalescent stage, which usually lasts one to two weeks. Common complications of the disease include pneumonia, encephalopathy, earache, and seizures. Infection in newborns is particularly severe, with a death risk of up to 3%, often caused by severe pulmonary hypertension. (5)
TreatmentTreatment with an effective antibiotic (erythromycin or azithromycin) shortens the infectious period but does not generally alter the outcome of the disease; however, when treatment is initiated during the catarrhal stage, symptoms may be less severe. Three macrolides (erythromycin, azithromycin and clarithromycin) are used in the U.S. for treatment of pertussis; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is generally used when a macrolide is ineffective or is contraindicated. (5)
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
DrugBank IDNot Available
HMDB IDNot Available
PubChem Compound IDNot Available
ChEMBL IDNot Available
ChemSpider IDNot Available
KEGG IDNot Available
UniProt IDP0DKX7
OMIM ID
ChEBI IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
CTD IDNot Available
Stitch IDBifunctional hemolysin
PDB IDNot Available
ACToR IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
MSDSNot Available
General References
  1. Ladant D, Ullmann A: Bordatella pertussis adenylate cyclase: a toxin with multiple talents. Trends Microbiol. 1999 Apr;7(4):172-6. [10217833 ]
  2. Locht C, Antoine R, Jacob-Dubuisson F: Bordetella pertussis, molecular pathogenesis under multiple aspects. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2001 Feb;4(1):82-9. [11173039 ]
  3. Smith AM, Guzman CA, Walker MJ: The virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis: a matter of control. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2001 May;25(3):309-33. [11348687 ]
  4. Wikipedia. Pertussis toxin. Last Updated 9 August 2009. [Link]
  5. Wikipedia. Whooping Cough. Last Updated 7 August 2009. [Link]
  6. Wikipedia. Bacterial toxin. Last Updated 27 February 2009. [Link]
Gene Regulation
Up-Regulated GenesNot Available
Down-Regulated GenesNot Available

Targets

Target Details
1. Calmodulin
General Function:
Titin binding
Specific Function:
Calmodulin mediates the control of a large number of enzymes, ion channels, aquaporins and other proteins by Ca(2+). Among the enzymes to be stimulated by the calmodulin-Ca(2+) complex are a number of protein kinases and phosphatases. Together with CCP110 and centrin, is involved in a genetic pathway that regulates the centrosome cycle and progression through cytokinesis.
Gene Name:
CALM1
Uniprot ID:
P0DP23
Molecular Weight:
16837.47 Da
References
  1. Ladant D, Ullmann A: Bordatella pertussis adenylate cyclase: a toxin with multiple talents. Trends Microbiol. 1999 Apr;7(4):172-6. [10217833 ]
  2. Smith AM, Guzman CA, Walker MJ: The virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis: a matter of control. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2001 May;25(3):309-33. [11348687 ]