| Record Information |
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| Version | 2.0 |
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| Creation Date | 2009-07-03 22:18:55 UTC |
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| Update Date | 2014-12-24 20:25:35 UTC |
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| Accession Number | T3D2487 |
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| Identification |
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| Common Name | Apamin (Apis mellifera) |
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| Class | Protein |
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| Description | Apamin is a component of bee venom and was originally isolated in the Western honey bee (Apis mellifera). It is a polypeptide neurotoxin that acts by blocking SK channels in the central nervous system. Apamin can have therapeutic applications, as the SK channels have been proposed as targets for the treatment of ataxia, epilepsy, memory disorders, and possibly schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. (3) |
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| Compound Type | - Amide
- Amine
- Animal Toxin
- Insect Toxin
- Natural Compound
- Organic Compound
- Protein
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| Protein Structure |  |
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| Synonyms | | Synonym | | Apamin | | Apamin (apis mellifera) |
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| Chemical Formula | Not Available |
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| Average Molecular Mass | 5223.305 g/mol |
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| CAS Registry Number | 24345-16-2 |
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| Sequence | Not Available |
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| Chemical Taxonomy |
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| Description | Not Available |
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| Kingdom | Organic Compounds |
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| Super Class | Organic Acids |
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| Class | Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives |
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| Sub Class | Amino Acids, Peptides, and Analogues |
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| Direct Parent | Peptides |
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| Alternative Parents | Not Available |
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| Substituents | Not Available |
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| Molecular Framework | Not Available |
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| External Descriptors | Not Available |
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| Biological Properties |
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| Status | Detected and Not Quantified |
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| Origin | Exogenous |
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| Cellular Locations | |
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| Biofluid Locations | Not Available |
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| Tissue Locations | Not Available |
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| Pathways | Not Available |
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| Applications | Not Available |
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| Biological Roles | Not Available |
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| Chemical Roles | Not Available |
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| Physical Properties |
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| State | Liquid |
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| Appearance | Clear solution. |
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| Experimental Properties | | Property | Value |
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| Melting Point | Not Available | | Boiling Point | Not Available | | Solubility | >10 mg/mL | | LogP | Not Available |
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| Predicted Properties | Not Available |
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| Spectra |
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| Spectra | Not Available |
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| Toxicity Profile |
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| Route of Exposure | Injection (sting/bite) (4) |
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| Mechanism of Toxicity | Apamin binds to the SK channels (small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels) in the brain and spinal cord and inhibits them, likely by acting as a pore blocker. Inhibition of SK channels by apamin increases the neuronal excitability and lowers the threshold for generating an action potential. (3) |
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| Metabolism | Free toxin may be removed by opsonization via the reticuloendothelial system (primarily the liver and kidneys) or it may be degraded through cellular internalization via the lysosomes. Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of digestive enzymes, including several proteases. |
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| Toxicity Values | LD50: 6.00 mg/kg (Intravenous, Mouse) (1) |
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| Lethal Dose | Not Available |
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| Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) | No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). |
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| Uses/Sources | Apamin is a the main component of the venom of the Western honey bee (Apis mellifera). Apamin can have therapeutic applications, as the SK channels have been proposed as targets for the treatment of ataxia, epilepsy, memory disorders, and possibly schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. (3) |
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| Minimum Risk Level | Not Available |
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| Health Effects | Apamin poisoning may cause development of optic neuritis and atrophy. Serious cases may lead to atrial fibrillation, cerebral infarction, acute myocardial infarction, Fisher's syndrome, Guillain-Barre syndrome, claw hand caused by Ulnar nerve entrapment, and haemorrhaging in the lungs. (3) |
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| Symptoms | Apamin poisoning is characterized by burning or stinging pain, swelling, and redness at the site of the bee sting, and may be followed by swelling of the tongue and throat, difficulty breathing, and shock. (3) |
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| Treatment | Patients poisoned with bee venom can be treated with anti-inflammatory medication, antihistamines and oral prednisolone. (3) |
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| Normal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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| Abnormal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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| External Links |
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| DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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| HMDB ID | Not Available |
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| PubChem Compound ID | 16129677 |
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| ChEMBL ID | Not Available |
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| ChemSpider ID | 17286484 |
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| KEGG ID | Not Available |
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| UniProt ID | P01500 |
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| OMIM ID | |
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| ChEBI ID | Not Available |
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| BioCyc ID | Not Available |
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| CTD ID | Not Available |
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| Stitch ID | Apamin |
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| PDB ID | Not Available |
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| ACToR ID | Not Available |
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| Wikipedia Link | Not Available |
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| References |
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| Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
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| MSDS | T3D2487.pdf |
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| General References | - Rothman RB: Does phentermine inhibit monoamine oxidase? Lancet. 1999 Apr 17;353(9161):1362-3. [10218558 ]
- Habermehl G (1981). Venomous animals and their toxins. Berlin: Springer-Verlag,
- Wikipedia. Apamin. Last Updated 31 March 2009. [Link]
- Wikipedia. Insect toxins. Last Updated 19 February 2009. [Link]
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| Gene Regulation |
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| Up-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
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| Down-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
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