| Record Information |
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| Version | 2.0 |
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| Creation Date | 2009-06-24 15:20:02 UTC |
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| Update Date | 2014-12-24 20:24:53 UTC |
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| Accession Number | T3D1913 |
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| Identification |
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| Common Name | Potassium perchlorate |
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| Class | Small Molecule |
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| Description | Potassium perchlorate is the inorganic salt with the chemical formula KClO4. Like other perchlorates, this salt is a strong oxidizer and reacts with many organic substances. It is usually obtained as a colorless, crystalline powder. It is one of the most common oxidizers used in fireworks, ammunition percussion caps, explosive primers, and is used variously in propellants, flash compositions, stars, and sparklers. It has been used as a solid rocket propellant, although in that application it has mostly been replaced by the higher performance ammonium perchlorate. KClO4 has the lowest solubility of the alkali metal perchlorates (1.5 g in 100 g of water at 25 |
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| Compound Type | - Food Toxin
- Inorganic Compound
- Lachrymator
- Perchlorate
- Synthetic Compound
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| Chemical Structure | |
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| Synonyms | | Synonym | | Astrumal | | Irenal | | Irenat | | KClO4 | | KM potassium perchlorate | | Perchloracap | | Perchloric acid, potassium salt | | Periodin | | Peroidin | | Potassium hyperchloride | | Potassium perchlorate (KClO4) | | Potassium perchlorate anh | | Potassium perchlorate, anh | | Potassium perchlorate, solid | | Potassium perchlorate, solution | | Potassium perchloric acid | | Spectrex fire extinguishant formulation a |
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| Chemical Formula | ClKO4 |
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| Average Molecular Mass | 138.549 g/mol |
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| Monoisotopic Mass | 137.912 g/mol |
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| CAS Registry Number | 7778-74-7 |
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| IUPAC Name | potassium perchlorate |
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| Traditional Name | potassium perchlorate |
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| SMILES | [K]O[Cl](=O)(=O)=O |
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| InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/ClHO4.K/c2-1(3,4)5;/h(H,2,3,4,5);/q;+1/p-1 |
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| InChI Key | InChIKey=YLMGFJXSLBMXHK-UHFFFAOYSA-M |
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| Chemical Taxonomy |
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| Description | belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as alkali metal perchlorates. These are inorganic compounds in which the largest oxoanion is perchlorate, and in which the heaviest atom not in an oxoanion is an alkali metal. |
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| Kingdom | Inorganic compounds |
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| Super Class | Mixed metal/non-metal compounds |
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| Class | Alkali metal oxoanionic compounds |
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| Sub Class | Alkali metal perchlorates |
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| Direct Parent | Alkali metal perchlorates |
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| Alternative Parents | |
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| Substituents | - Alkali metal perchlorate
- Inorganic oxide
- Inorganic salt
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| Molecular Framework | Not Available |
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| External Descriptors | Not Available |
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| Biological Properties |
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| Status | Detected and Not Quantified |
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| Origin | Exogenous |
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| Cellular Locations | |
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| Biofluid Locations | Not Available |
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| Tissue Locations | Not Available |
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| Pathways | Not Available |
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| Applications | Not Available |
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| Biological Roles | Not Available |
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| Chemical Roles | Not Available |
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| Physical Properties |
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| State | Solid |
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| Appearance | Colourless/white crystalline powder (7). |
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| Experimental Properties | | Property | Value |
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| Melting Point | 525°C | | Boiling Point | Not Available | | Solubility | 15 mg/mL at 25°C [ASHFORD,RD (1994)] | | LogP | Not Available |
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| Predicted Properties | |
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| Spectra |
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| Spectra | Not Available |
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| Toxicity Profile |
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| Route of Exposure | Inhalation (6) ; oral (6) ; dermal (6) ; eye contact (6). |
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| Mechanism of Toxicity | The primary and most sensitive target of the perchlorate anion (perchlorate) is the thyroid gland. Perchlorate inhibits the transport of iodide (I-) from the blood into the thyroid follicle cells. The inhibition is thought to be accomplished by perchlorate competitively blocking iodide binding to a carrier, or sodium/iodide symporter (NIS), which catalyzes the simultaneous transfer of Na+ and I-across the basolateral membrane of thyroid follicle cells. Perchlorate inhibition of the NIS can limit the availability of iodide needed for the production of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (3) and triiodothyronine (4), which in turn, may affect the circulating levels of T4 and T3. All known effects of perchlorate on the thyroid hormone system derive directly or secondarily from the inhibition of the NIS. T3 is essential for normal development of the nervous system and for the regulation of metabolism of cells in nearly all tissues of the body. Disruption in the availability of T3 in target tissues can result in adverse effects on a wide variety of organs and systems (6).
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| Metabolism | There is no evidence that potasssium perchlorate is metabolized in the body. It is rapidly eliminated from the body through the urinary tract (6). |
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| Toxicity Values | LD50: 3621 mg/kg (Oral, Mouse) (6) |
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| Lethal Dose | Not Available |
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| Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) | No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). |
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| Uses/Sources | Breathing in contaminated air; drinking contaminated water; eating contaminated food; dermal and eye exposure (6). |
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| Minimum Risk Level | Chronic Oral: 0.0007 mg/kg/day (8) |
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| Health Effects | Adverse effects on a wide variety of organ systems can result from disruption in the availability of T3 to target tissues. Organ systems affected by disturbances in T3 levels include the skin, cardiovascular system, pulmonary system, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, liver, blood, neuromuscular system, central nervous system, skeleton, male and female reproductive systems, and numerous endocrine organs, including the pituitary and adrenal glands. Such an array of secondary potential targets underscores the need to maintain an adequate level of circulating thyroid hormones. Perchlorate, an environmental contaminant, is known to disturb the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis by blocking iodide accumulation in the thyroid. Iodide deficiency can lead to hypothyroidism and goiter (6, 1). |
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| Symptoms | Irritating to skin, eyes, and respiratory system, depending on the route of exposure. Esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation could occur following exposures (6). |
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| Treatment | In case of oral exposure, immediately dilute with 4 to 8 ounces (120 to 240 mol) of water or milk. Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in Trendelenburg and left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first. Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gas or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed. Following inhalation, Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids. In case of acute lung injury, maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gas or pulse oximetry monitoring. Following eye exposure, irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature water for at least 15 minutes. Following dermal exposure, remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists. Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines. (2) |
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| Normal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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| Abnormal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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| External Links |
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| DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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| HMDB ID | Not Available |
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| PubChem Compound ID | 516900 |
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| ChEMBL ID | CHEMBL1200696 |
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| ChemSpider ID | 22913 |
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| KEGG ID | Not Available |
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| UniProt ID | Not Available |
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| OMIM ID | |
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| ChEBI ID | Not Available |
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| BioCyc ID | Not Available |
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| CTD ID | C009006 |
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| Stitch ID | Potassium perchlorate |
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| PDB ID | Not Available |
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| ACToR ID | Not Available |
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| Wikipedia Link | Not Available |
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| References |
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| Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
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| MSDS | T3D1913.pdf |
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| General References | - Innocenti A, Vullo D, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of isozymes I, II, IV, V, and IX with anions isosteric and isoelectronic with sulfate, nitrate, and carbonate. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2005 Feb 1;15(3):567-71. [15664814 ]
- Rumack BH (2009). POISINDEX(R) Information System. Englewood, CO: Micromedex, Inc. CCIS Volume 141, edition expires Aug, 2009.
- Ellenhorn MJ and Barceloux DG (1988). Diagnosis and treatment of human poisoning. Medical Toxicology. New York, New York: Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Inc.
- Emsley, John (2001). Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (2014). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. [Link]
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2008). Toxicological profile for perchlorates. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- Wikipedia. Potassium perchlorate. Last Updated 21 June 2009. [Link]
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2008). Toxicological guide to perchlorates. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
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| Gene Regulation |
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| Up-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
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| Down-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
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