| Record Information |
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| Version | 2.0 |
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| Creation Date | 2009-03-26 20:39:50 UTC |
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| Update Date | 2014-12-24 20:22:37 UTC |
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| Accession Number | T3D0706 |
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| Identification |
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| Common Name | Potassium dichromate |
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| Class | Small Molecule |
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| Description | Potassium dichromate is a chemical compound of potassium and hexavalent chromium. It is a common inorganic chemical reagent and is also used in photography and wood treatment. It is found naturally as the mineral lopezite. Hexavalent chromium refers to chemical compounds that contain the element chromium in the +6 oxidation state. Chromium(VI) is more toxic than other oxidation states of the chromium atom because of its greater ability to enter cells and higher redox potential. (7, 8) |
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| Compound Type | - Chromium Compound
- Cosmetic Toxin
- Household Toxin
- Industrial/Workplace Toxin
- Inorganic Compound
- Pollutant
- Synthetic Compound
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| Chemical Structure | |
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| Synonyms | | Synonym | | Bichromate of potash | | Bichromate potassium | | Chromium potassium oxide | | Dichromate potassium | | Dichromic acid dipotassium salt | | Dipotassium bichromate | | Dipotassium dichromate | | Dipotassium dichromium heptaoxide | | Iopezite | | K bichromate | | Potassium bichromate | | Potassium dichromate solution | | Potassium dichromic acid |
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| Chemical Formula | Cr2K2O7 |
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| Average Molecular Mass | 294.185 g/mol |
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| Monoisotopic Mass | 293.773 g/mol |
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| CAS Registry Number | 7778-50-9 |
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| IUPAC Name | tetraoxo-2,4,6-trioxa-3,5-dichroma-1,7-dipotassaheptane |
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| Traditional Name | tetraoxo-2,4,6-trioxa-3,5-dichroma-1,7-dipotassaheptane |
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| SMILES | [K]O[Cr](=O)(=O)O[Cr](=O)(=O)O[K] |
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| InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/2Cr.2K.7O |
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| InChI Key | InChIKey=ACIGPAAGFWOCTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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| Chemical Taxonomy |
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| Description | belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as miscellaneous chromates. These are inorganic compounds in which the largest metallic oxoanion is chromate, to which either no atom or a non metal atom is bonded. |
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| Kingdom | Inorganic compounds |
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| Super Class | Mixed metal/non-metal compounds |
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| Class | Miscellaneous mixed metal/non-metals |
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| Sub Class | Miscellaneous metallic oxoanionic compounds |
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| Direct Parent | Miscellaneous chromates |
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| Alternative Parents | |
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| Substituents | - Chromate
- Alkali metal chromate
- Inorganic oxide
- Inorganic salt
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| Molecular Framework | Not Available |
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| External Descriptors | Not Available |
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| Biological Properties |
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| Status | Detected and Not Quantified |
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| Origin | Exogenous |
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| Cellular Locations | |
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| Biofluid Locations | Not Available |
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| Tissue Locations | Not Available |
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| Pathways | Not Available |
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| Applications | Not Available |
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| Biological Roles | |
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| Chemical Roles | |
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| Physical Properties |
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| State | Solid |
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| Appearance | Red-orange crystals. |
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| Experimental Properties | | Property | Value |
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| Melting Point | Not Available | | Boiling Point | Not Available | | Solubility | Not Available | | LogP | Not Available |
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| Predicted Properties | |
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| Spectra |
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| Spectra | | Spectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | View |
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| Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive | splash10-0006-0190000000-3c5b4f28569605bda1e7 | 2019-02-23 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive | splash10-000l-0390000000-12b04a46df974b596971 | 2019-02-23 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive | splash10-000i-1920000000-7e440cf098ab97ca7615 | 2019-02-23 | View Spectrum |
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| Toxicity Profile |
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| Route of Exposure | Inhalation (7) ; oral (7) ; dermal (7) |
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| Mechanism of Toxicity | Hexavalent chromium's carcinogenic effects are caused by its metabolites, pentavalent and trivalent chromium. The DNA damage may be caused by hydroxyl radicals produced during reoxidation of pentavalent chromium by hydrogen peroxide molecules present in the cell. Trivalent chromium may also form complexes with peptides, proteins, and DNA, resulting in DNA-protein crosslinks, DNA strand breaks, DNA-DNA interstrand crosslinks, chromium-DNA adducts, chromosomal aberrations and alterations in cellular signaling pathways. It has been shown to induce carcinogenesis by overstimulating cellular regulatory pathways and increasing peroxide levels by activating certain mitogen-activated protein kinases. It can also cause transcriptional repression by cross-linking histone deacetylase 1-DNA methyltransferase 1 complexes to CYP1A1 promoter chromatin, inhibiting histone modification. Chromium may increase its own toxicity by modifying metal regulatory transcription factor 1, causing the inhibition of zinc-induced metallothionein transcription. (1, 7, 2, 3, 4) |
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| Metabolism | Chromium is absorbed from oral, inhalation, or dermal exposure and distributes to nearly all tissues, with the highest concentrations found in kidney and liver. Bone is also a major storage site and may contribute to long-term retention. Hexavalent chromium's similarity to sulfate and chromate allow it to be transported into cells via sulfate transport mechanisms. Inside the cell, hexavalent chromium is reduced first to pentavalent chromium, then to trivalent chromium by many substances including ascorbate, glutathione, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Chromium is almost entirely excreted with the urine. (1, 7) |
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| Toxicity Values | LD50: 26 mg/kg (Oral Rat) (7)
LD50: 403 mg/kg (Dermal, Rabbit) (7)
LD50: 37 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Mouse) (6)
LC50: 35 mg/m3 over 4 hours (Inhalation, Rat) (7) |
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| Lethal Dose | 1 to 3 grams for an adult human (hexavalent chromium). (5) |
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| Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) | 1, carcinogenic to humans. (10) |
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| Uses/Sources | Potassium dichromate is a common inorganic chemical reagent and is also used in photography and wood treatment. (8) |
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| Minimum Risk Level | Intermediate Oral: 0.005 mg/kg/day (9)
Chronic Oral: 0.001 mg/kg/day (9) |
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| Health Effects | Hexavalent chromium is a known carcinogen. Chronic inhalation especially has been linked to lung cancer. Hexavalent chromium has also been know to cause reproductive and developmental defects. (1) |
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| Symptoms | Breathing hexavalent chromium can cause irritation to the lining of the nose, nose ulcers, runny nose, and breathing problems, such as asthma, cough, shortness of breath, or wheezing. Ingestion of hexavalent chromium causes irritation and ulcers in the stomach and small intestine, as well as anemia. Skin contact can cause skin ulcers. (7) |
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| Treatment | There is no know antidote for chromium poisoning. Exposure is usually handled with symptomatic treatment. (7) |
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| Normal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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| Abnormal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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| External Links |
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| DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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| HMDB ID | Not Available |
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| PubChem Compound ID | 24502 |
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| ChEMBL ID | Not Available |
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| ChemSpider ID | 21607767 |
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| KEGG ID | C15227 |
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| UniProt ID | Not Available |
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| OMIM ID | |
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| ChEBI ID | Not Available |
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| BioCyc ID | Not Available |
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| CTD ID | D011192 |
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| Stitch ID | Potassium dichromate |
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| PDB ID | Not Available |
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| ACToR ID | 7484 |
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| Wikipedia Link | Not Available |
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| References |
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| Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
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| MSDS | T3D0706.pdf |
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| General References | - Salnikow K, Zhitkovich A: Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in metal carcinogenesis and cocarcinogenesis: nickel, arsenic, and chromium. Chem Res Toxicol. 2008 Jan;21(1):28-44. Epub 2007 Oct 30. [17970581 ]
- Kim G, Yurkow EJ: Chromium induces a persistent activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases by a redox-sensitive mechanism in H4 rat hepatoma cells. Cancer Res. 1996 May 1;56(9):2045-51. [8616849 ]
- Schnekenburger M, Talaska G, Puga A: Chromium cross-links histone deacetylase 1-DNA methyltransferase 1 complexes to chromatin, inhibiting histone-remodeling marks critical for transcriptional activation. Mol Cell Biol. 2007 Oct;27(20):7089-101. Epub 2007 Aug 6. [17682057 ]
- Kimura T: [Molecular mechanism involved in chromium(VI) toxicity]. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2007 Dec;127(12):1957-65. [18057785 ]
- Barceloux DG: Chromium. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1999;37(2):173-94. [10382554 ]
- Lewis RJ (1996). Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2008). Toxicological profile for chromium. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- Wikipedia. Potassium dichromate. Last Updated 25 March 2009. [Link]
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2001). Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) for Hazardous Substances. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (2014). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. [Link]
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| Gene Regulation |
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| Up-Regulated Genes | | Gene | Gene Symbol | Gene ID | Interaction | Chromosome | Details |
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| Down-Regulated Genes | | Gene | Gene Symbol | Gene ID | Interaction | Chromosome | Details |
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