Galactonic acid (T3D4960)

IdentificationTaxonomyBiological PropertiesPhysical PropertiesToxicity ProfileSpectraConcentrationsLinksReferencesGene RegulationXML
Record Information
Version2.0
Creation Date2014-10-02 18:56:26 UTC
Update Date2018-03-21 17:46:18 UTC
Accession NumberT3D4960
Identification
Common NameGalactonic acid
ClassSmall Molecule
DescriptionGalactonic acid is a sugar acid that is a metabolic breakdown product of galactose. Galactose dehydrogenase is responsible for converting galactose to galactonolactone, which then spontaneously or enzymatically converts to galactonic acid. Once formed, galactonic acid may enter the pentose phosphate pathway. Galactonic acid is increased in red blood cells of galactosemic patients, due to a galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) deficiency (PMID: 14680973, OMMBID: The Online Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, Ch.72). When present in sufficiently high levels, galactonic acid can act as an acidogen and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of galactonic acid are associated with at least two inborn errors of metabolism, including galactosemia and galactosemia type II. Galactonic acid is an organic acid. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart abnormalities, liver abnormalities (jaundice), kidney abnormalities, seizures, coma, and possibly death. These are also the characteristic symptoms of untreated galactosemia. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. High levels of galactonic acid in infants are specifically associated with hepatomegaly (an enlarged liver), cirrhosis, renal failure, cataracts, vomiting, seizure, hypoglycemia, lethargy, brain damage, and ovarian failure.
Compound Type
  • Animal Toxin
  • Metabolite
  • Natural Compound
Chemical Structure
Thumb
MOLSDF3D-SDFPDBSMILESInChI View 3D Structure
Synonyms
Synonym
D-galactonate
D-galactonic acid
Galactonate
Chemical FormulaC6H12O7
Average Molecular Mass196.155 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass196.058 g/mol
CAS Registry Number13382-27-9
IUPAC Name(2S,3R,4R,5S)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid
Traditional NameL-galactonic acid
SMILESOC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)C(O)=O
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/C6H12O7/c7-1-2(8)3(9)4(10)5(11)6(12)13/h2-5,7-11H,1H2,(H,12,13)/t2-,3+,4+,5-/m0/s1
InChI KeyInChIKey=RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-RSJOWCBRSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain hydroxy acids and derivatives. These are hydroxy acids with a 6 to 12 carbon atoms long side chain.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic acids and derivatives
ClassHydroxy acids and derivatives
Sub ClassMedium-chain hydroxy acids and derivatives
Direct ParentMedium-chain hydroxy acids and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Medium-chain hydroxy acid
  • Medium-chain fatty acid
  • Beta-hydroxy acid
  • Hydroxy fatty acid
  • Alpha-hydroxy acid
  • Monosaccharide
  • Fatty acyl
  • Fatty acid
  • Secondary alcohol
  • Polyol
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxide
  • Carbonyl group
  • Primary alcohol
  • Alcohol
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginEndogenous
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue Locations
  • Red Blood Cell
PathwaysNot Available
ApplicationsNot Available
Biological RolesNot Available
Chemical RolesNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
AppearanceWhite powder.
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting Point133 - 136 °C
Boiling PointNot Available
SolubilityNot Available
LogPNot Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility159 g/LALOGPS
logP-2.6ALOGPS
logP-3.4ChemAxon
logS-0.09ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)3.39ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-3ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count7ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count6ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area138.45 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count5ChemAxon
Refractivity38.27 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability17.01 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateView
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-004j-2900000000-42150530e3232b66059b2016-06-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-03di-9500000000-763d7b03787732284c192016-06-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-0bvi-9100000000-040569af699927ca68592016-06-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-05ic-9800000000-3571d4f2ff79bc0d7fa02016-08-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-052r-9400000000-3cb207fadbe1fcae5cb72016-08-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-0a4i-9100000000-8c900935a94065d0938b2016-08-03View Spectrum
Toxicity Profile
Route of ExposureNot Available
Mechanism of ToxicityNot Available
MetabolismNot Available
Toxicity ValuesNot Available
Lethal DoseNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Uses/SourcesNot Available
Minimum Risk LevelNot Available
Health EffectsChronically high levels of galactonate are associated with at least 2 inborn errors of metabolism including: Galactosemia and Galactosemia type II.
SymptomsNot Available
TreatmentNot Available
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
DrugBank IDNot Available
HMDB IDHMDB00565
PubChem Compound ID128869
ChEMBL IDNot Available
ChemSpider ID114198
KEGG IDC00880
UniProt IDNot Available
OMIM ID
ChEBI ID16534
BioCyc IDD-GALACTONO-1,4-LACTONE
CTD IDNot Available
Stitch IDNot Available
PDB IDNot Available
ACToR IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
MSDSNot Available
General References
  1. Shoemaker JD, Elliott WH: Automated screening of urine samples for carbohydrates, organic and amino acids after treatment with urease. J Chromatogr. 1991 Jan 2;562(1-2):125-38. [2026685 ]
  2. Shinka T, Inoue Y, Peng H, Zhen-Wei X, Ose M, Kuhara T: Urine screening of five-day-old newborns: metabolic profiling of neonatal galactosuria. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1999 Sep 24;732(2):469-77. [10517369 ]
  3. Yager CT, Chen J, Reynolds R, Segal S: Galactitol and galactonate in red blood cells of galactosemic patients. Mol Genet Metab. 2003 Nov;80(3):283-9. [14680973 ]
Gene Regulation
Up-Regulated GenesNot Available
Down-Regulated GenesNot Available