Record Information
Version2.0
Creation Date2014-09-11 02:06:20 UTC
Update Date2014-12-24 20:26:56 UTC
Accession NumberT3D4719
Identification
Common NameZalcitabine
ClassSmall Molecule
DescriptionA dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxyl group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of 5' to 3' phosphodiester linkages, which are needed for the elongation of DNA chains, thus resulting in the termination of viral DNA growth. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.
Compound Type
  • Amine
  • Anti-HIV Agent
  • Antimetabolite
  • Drug
  • Ether
  • Metabolite
  • Organic Compound
  • Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor
  • Synthetic Compound
Chemical Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
Synonym
2',3'-Dideoxycytidine
4-amino-1-[(2R,5S)-5-(Hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]pyrimidin-2(1H)-one
DDC
DDCYD
Dideoxycytidine
HIVID
Chemical FormulaC9H13N3O3
Average Molecular Mass211.218 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass211.096 g/mol
CAS Registry Number7481-89-2
IUPAC Name4-amino-1-[(2R,5S)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-2-one
Traditional Namezalcitabine
SMILES[H][C@@]1(CO)CC[C@@]([H])(O1)N1C=CC(=N)N=C1O
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/C9H13N3O3/c10-7-3-4-12(9(14)11-7)8-2-1-6(5-13)15-8/h3-4,6,8,13H,1-2,5H2,(H2,10,11,14)/t6-,8+/m0/s1
InChI KeyInChIKey=WREGKURFCTUGRC-POYBYMJQSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosides. Pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosides are compounds consisting of a pyrimidine linked to a ribose which lacks a hydroxyl group at positions 2 and 3.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassNucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues
ClassPyrimidine nucleosides
Sub ClassPyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosides
Direct ParentPyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosides
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside
  • Aminopyrimidine
  • Pyrimidone
  • Hydropyrimidine
  • Pyrimidine
  • Imidolactam
  • Heteroaromatic compound
  • Tetrahydrofuran
  • Oxacycle
  • Azacycle
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxide
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Primary amine
  • Primary alcohol
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Alcohol
  • Amine
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginExogenous
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
  • Membrane
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
PathwaysNot Available
ApplicationsNot Available
Biological RolesNot Available
Chemical RolesNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
AppearanceWhite powder.
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting Point217 - 218°C
Boiling PointNot Available
Solubility7.05e+00 g/L
LogP-1.3
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility7.05 g/LALOGPS
logP-1.3ALOGPS
logP-1.2ChemAxon
logS-1.5ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)14.67ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)0.18ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count5ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area88.15 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count2ChemAxon
Refractivity52.24 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability20.86 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings2ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-005c-9600000000-2b4de4867a39d5e3055b2017-09-01View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-00b9-9800000000-add2e4ce43f76aa313042017-10-06View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativesplash10-03di-0190000000-5d3365f648d5f5675ab92017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativesplash10-066r-2900000000-843d28df71eab94652c32017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativesplash10-0a4l-7900000000-628c9e8f6a131581a8d42017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativesplash10-0006-9200000000-60a00651a71121843a192017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativesplash10-0006-9000000000-237a0c1094225974a6e82017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positivesplash10-03di-0910000000-95a2a7845a54a61d7c152017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positivesplash10-03di-0900000000-345deba429b644c7b4f52017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positivesplash10-03di-0900000000-6aaba2f2eeb001628ab22017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positivesplash10-03di-5900000000-03b881f85c17ccbe52952017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positivesplash10-01ot-9300000000-2896ce7406bb834c001a2017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-IT , positivesplash10-03di-0900000000-056961b8bc40673465302017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 35V, Positivesplash10-03di-1900000000-1054737ea962191f8ea32021-09-20View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-03di-0900000000-eaacef912c49eac355062016-08-01View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-03di-4900000000-0712eb98271c7def7fa62016-08-01View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-0292-9300000000-b5ae4987aabc3d08e09b2016-08-01View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-03di-1980000000-983fc19dcf0d0b85cef42016-08-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-014i-2900000000-0612e4906539771bd61a2016-08-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-0006-9300000000-b05fd7cbb391f9d8d7552016-08-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-03di-0900000000-fa8c6be751e9c08c099b2021-10-11View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-03di-3900000000-acfad49c533143abebc12021-10-11View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-014i-9100000000-9b080034478e10638d8e2021-10-11View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-03di-0490000000-57082a1867cdc2c9822a2021-10-11View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-01ox-9600000000-f474e998724df983de8c2021-10-11View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-0006-9300000000-20ef263f8c644fd3e58e2021-10-11View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
Toxicity Profile
Route of ExposureBioavailability is over 80% following oral administration.
Mechanism of ToxicityZalcitabine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with activity against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1). Within cells, zalcitabine is converted to its active metabolite, dideoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate (ddCTP), by the sequential action of cellular enzymes. ddCTP interferes with viral RNA-directed DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) by competing for utilization of the natural substrate deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate (dCTP), as well as incorpating into viral DNA. Due to it's lack of a 3'-OH group, the formation of a 5' to 3' phosphodiester linkage that is necessary for DNA chain elongation is inhibited, thus leading to the termination of viral DNA growth.
MetabolismHepatic. Route of Elimination: Renal excretion of unchanged drug appears to be the primary route of elimination, accounting for approximately 80% of an intravenous dose and 60% of an orally administered dose within 24 hours after dosing (n=19). Renal clearance exceeds glomerular filtration rate suggesting renal tubular secretion contributes to the elimination of zalcitabine by the kidneys. Half Life: 2 hours
Toxicity ValuesAcute overdose: Inadvertent pediatric overdoses have occurred with doses up to 1.5 mg/kg zalcitabine. Chronic overdose: in an initial dose-finding study in which zalcitabine was administered at doses 25 times (0.25 mg/kg every 8 hours) the currently recommended dose, one patient discontinued zalcitabine after 1.5 weeks of treatment subsequent to the development of a rash and fever.
Lethal DoseNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans. (4)
Uses/SourcesFor the treatment of Human immunovirus (HIV) infections in conjunction with other antivirals.
Minimum Risk LevelNot Available
Health EffectsNot Available
SymptomsNot Available
TreatmentNot Available
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
DrugBank IDDB00943
HMDB IDHMDB15078
PubChem Compound ID24066
ChEMBL IDCHEMBL853
ChemSpider ID22498
KEGG IDC07207
UniProt IDNot Available
OMIM ID
ChEBI ID10101
BioCyc IDNot Available
CTD IDNot Available
Stitch IDNot Available
PDB IDNot Available
ACToR IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkZalcitabine
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
MSDSLink
General References
  1. Shelton MJ, O'Donnell AM, Morse GD: Zalcitabine. Ann Pharmacother. 1993 Apr;27(4):480-9. [8097417 ]
  2. Devineni D, Gallo JM: Zalcitabine. Clinical pharmacokinetics and efficacy. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1995 May;28(5):351-60. [7614775 ]
  3. Gaval-Cruz M, Weinshenker D: mechanisms of disulfiram-induced cocaine abstinence: antabuse and cocaine relapse. Mol Interv. 2009 Aug;9(4):175-87. [Link]
  4. International Agency for Research on Cancer (2014). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. [Link]
Gene Regulation
Up-Regulated GenesNot Available
Down-Regulated GenesNot Available