5-Aminolevulinic acid (T3D4273)

IdentificationTaxonomyBiological PropertiesPhysical PropertiesToxicity ProfileSpectraConcentrationsLinksReferencesGene RegulationTargets (3)XML
Targets (3)
Record Information
Version2.0
Creation Date2014-08-29 06:11:37 UTC
Update Date2014-12-24 20:26:45 UTC
Accession NumberT3D4273
Identification
Common Name5-Aminolevulinic acid
ClassSmall Molecule
Description5-Aminolevulinic acid is an intermediate in heme synthesis. This is the first compound in the porphyrin synthesis pathway. It is produced by the enzyme ALA synthase, from glycine and succinyl CoA. This reaction is known as the Shemin pathway. Aminolevulinic acid plus blue light illumination using a blue light photodynamic therapy illuminator is indicated for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratoses of the face or scalp.
Compound Type
  • Amine
  • Animal Toxin
  • Drug
  • Food Toxin
  • Metabolite
  • Natural Compound
  • Organic Compound
  • Photosensitizing Agent
Chemical Structure
Thumb
MOLSDFPDBSMILESInChI
Synonyms
Synonym
5-ALA
5-Amino-4-oxo-Pentanoate
5-Amino-4-oxo-Pentanoic acid
5-Amino-4-oxopentanoate
5-Amino-4-oxopentanoic acid
5-Amino-4-oxovalerate
5-Amino-4-oxovaleric acid
5-Amino-Levulinate
5-Amino-Levulinic acid
5-Aminolaevulinate
5-Aminolaevulinic acid
5-Aminolevulinate
ALA
ALA-PDT
Aladerm
Amino-levulinic acid
Aminolevulinate
Aminolevulinic acid
DALA
delta-ALA
delta-Aminolevulinate
delta-Aminolevulinic acid
Gliolan
Kerastick
Levulan
Levulan Kerastick
Chemical FormulaC5H9NO3
Average Molecular Mass131.130 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass131.058 g/mol
CAS Registry Number106-60-5
IUPAC Name5-amino-4-oxopentanoic acid
Traditional Nameaminolevulinic acid
SMILESNCC(=O)CCC(O)=O
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/C5H9NO3/c6-3-4(7)1-2-5(8)9/h1-3,6H2,(H,8,9)
InChI KeyInChIKey=ZGXJTSGNIOSYLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as delta amino acids and derivatives. Delta amino acids and derivatives are compounds containing a carboxylic acid group and an amino group at the C5 carbon atom.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic acids and derivatives
ClassCarboxylic acids and derivatives
Sub ClassAmino acids, peptides, and analogues
Direct ParentDelta amino acids and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Delta amino acid or derivatives
  • Gamma-keto acid
  • Short-chain keto acid
  • Keto acid
  • Alpha-aminoketone
  • Amino acid
  • Ketone
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Primary aliphatic amine
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxide
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Amine
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Primary amine
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginEndogenous
Cellular Locations
  • Membrane
  • Mitochondria
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue Locations
  • Bladder
  • Fibroblasts
  • Kidney
  • Skin
  • Spleen
  • Stratum Corneum
  • Testes
Pathways
NameSMPDB LinkKEGG Link
Glycine and Serine MetabolismSMP00004 map00260
Porphyrin MetabolismSMP00024 map00860
Acute Intermittent PorphyriaSMP00344 Not Available
Hereditary Coproporphyria (HCP)SMP00342 Not Available
Porphyria Variegata (PV)SMP00346 Not Available
Applications
Biological Roles
Chemical RolesNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
AppearanceWhite powder.
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting Point156-158°C
Boiling PointNot Available
SolubilityVery soluble
LogP-1.5
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility173 g/LALOGPS
logP-2.8ALOGPS
logP-3.3ChemAxon
logS0.12ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)4.05ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)7.84ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count4ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area80.39 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count4ChemAxon
Refractivity30.45 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability12.55 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateView
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)splash10-0fki-2910000000-12bd38ce6e25c61b8e602014-06-16View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)splash10-00dr-4900000000-c11a861a1638dd2c20d82014-06-16View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (Non-derivatized)splash10-00dr-2911000000-d5b5567862328f5a46cd2014-06-16View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (Non-derivatized)splash10-00dr-3900000000-538e027ec9932b3f56a52014-06-16View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS; 1 MEOX)splash10-00di-9500000000-c0d571fa1aa74cf69ea62014-06-16View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS; 1 MEOX)splash10-00di-9600000000-d0a9f31de64870117dfe2014-06-16View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 MEOX; 3 TMS)splash10-00di-1911000000-117a44ade2fd70812e5c2014-06-16View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 MEOX; 3 TMS)splash10-00dr-2900000000-635a7d4012b9ef5150f92014-06-16View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-0fki-2910000000-12bd38ce6e25c61b8e602017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-00dr-4900000000-c11a861a1638dd2c20d82017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-00dr-2911000000-d5b5567862328f5a46cd2017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-00dr-3900000000-538e027ec9932b3f56a52017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-00di-9500000000-c0d571fa1aa74cf69ea62017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-00di-9600000000-d0a9f31de64870117dfe2017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)splash10-00di-1911000000-117a44ade2fd70812e5c2017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)splash10-00dr-2900000000-635a7d4012b9ef5150f92017-09-12View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-001i-9000000000-b1941f10190ebb6e13432016-09-22View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-05ai-9200000000-6a559cb30668be35a1ed2017-10-06View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-0udi-5900000000-cf9a0266243b1a1d0f732012-07-24View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-000i-9000000000-995eb11961b16f254be22012-07-24View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-0fb9-9000000000-64b1ef51cceb8d346f522012-07-24View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Positivesplash10-01q9-1900000000-a5686c059e357bc14e962012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Positivesplash10-000i-9300000000-8e219c18bb0fd0837d822012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Positivesplash10-0avr-9000000000-b0d0d9b25a36e5c49f2a2012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Positivesplash10-0a4i-9000000000-96cc61ad07db2c38c9522012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Positivesplash10-0a4i-9000000000-7b8165e702ac7e6d5f342012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Positivesplash10-01p9-8900000000-0b739a89ed524e47e3a22012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Negativesplash10-001i-0900000000-1ffb96adb6268888f7222012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negativesplash10-001i-0900000000-1ffb96adb6268888f7222017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positivesplash10-01q9-1900000000-a5686c059e357bc14e962017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positivesplash10-000i-9300000000-8e219c18bb0fd0837d822017-09-14View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-03di-4900000000-1669ed2d77c2a1921a2d2015-05-26View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-0292-9300000000-c07de16859b85d8fb54c2015-05-26View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-067j-9000000000-316eb66f80f8b40f4ae22015-05-26View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-03di-4900000000-1669ed2d77c2a1921a2d2015-05-26View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-0292-9300000000-c07de16859b85d8fb54c2015-05-26View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-067j-9000000000-316eb66f80f8b40f4ae22015-05-26View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-001i-2900000000-e2f3aecb5b3f533e49052015-05-27View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-0bu0-9600000000-fc4f9eaeca47b90745ae2015-05-27View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-0a4l-9000000000-304beef010b4b4fdbb532015-05-27View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-001i-2900000000-e2f3aecb5b3f533e49052015-05-27View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-0bu0-9600000000-fc4f9eaeca47b90745ae2015-05-27View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-0a4l-9000000000-304beef010b4b4fdbb532015-05-27View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H2O, experimental)Not Available2012-12-04View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
2D NMR[1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)Not Available2012-12-05View Spectrum
Toxicity Profile
Route of ExposureOral bioavailability is 50-60%.
Mechanism of ToxicityAccording to the presumed mechanism of action, photosensitization following application of aminolevulinic acid (ALA) topical solution occurs through the metabolic conversion of ALA to protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), which accumulates in the skin to which aminolevulinic acid has been applied. When exposed to light of appropriate wavelength and energy, the accumulated PpIX produces a photodynamic reaction, a cytotoxic process dependent upon the simultaneous presence of light and oxygen. The absorption of light results in an excited state of the porphyrin molecule, and subsequent spin transfer from PpIX to molecular oxygen generates singlet oxygen, which can further react to form superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. Photosensitization of actinic (solar) keratosis lesions using aminolevulinic acid, plus illumination with the BLU-UTM Blue Light Photodynamic Therapy Illuminator (BLU-U), is the basis for aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (PDT).
MetabolismFollowing topical administration, synthesis into protoporphyrin IX takes place in situ in the skin. Half Life: Mean half-life is 0.70 ± 0.18 h after the oral dose and 0.83 ± 0.05 h after the intravenous dose.
Toxicity ValuesNot Available
Lethal DoseNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Uses/SourcesAminolevulinic acid plus blue light illumination using a blue light photodynamic therapy illuminator is indicated for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratoses of the face or scalp.
Minimum Risk LevelNot Available
Health EffectsNot Available
SymptomsNot Available
TreatmentNot Available
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
DrugBank IDDB00855
HMDB IDHMDB01149
PubChem Compound ID137
ChEMBL IDCHEMBL601
ChemSpider ID134
KEGG IDC00430
UniProt IDNot Available
OMIM ID
ChEBI ID17549
BioCyc ID5-AMINO-LEVULINATE
CTD IDNot Available
Stitch IDNot Available
PDB IDNot Available
ACToR IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkAminolevulinic_acid
References
Synthesis Reference

Takashi Ebata, Hiroshi Kawakami, Katsuya Matsumoto, Koshi Koseki, Hajime Matsushita, “Method of preparing an acid additional salt of delta-aminolevulinic acid.” U.S. Patent US5284973, issued July, 1974.

MSDSLink
General References
  1. Stummer W, Pichlmeier U, Meinel T, Wiestler OD, Zanella F, Reulen HJ: Fluorescence-guided surgery with 5-aminolevulinic acid for resection of malignant glioma: a randomised controlled multicentre phase III trial. Lancet Oncol. 2006 May;7(5):392-401. [16648043 ]
  2. Kennedy JC, Marcus SL, Pottier RH: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photodiagnosis (PD) using endogenous photosensitization induced by 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA): mechanisms and clinical results. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 1996 Oct;14(5):289-304. [9612195 ]
  3. Murata K, Sakai T, Morita Y, Iwata T, Dakeishi M: Critical dose of lead affecting delta-aminolevulinic acid levels. J Occup Health. 2003 Jul;45(4):209-14. [14646278 ]
  4. Lu L, Lin G, Xu M, Zou H, Wang Q: [Re-assessment of indicators for screening lead poisoning]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1999 Sep;33(5):275-8. [11864490 ]
  5. Landry JL, Gelet A, Bouvier R, Dubernard JM, Martin X, Colombel M: Detection of bladder dysplasia using 5-aminolaevulinic acid-induced porphyrin fluorescence. BJU Int. 2003 May;91(7):623-6. [12699472 ]
  6. Sassa S: Diagnosis and therapy of acute intermittent porphyria. Blood Rev. 1996 Mar;10(1):53-8. [8861279 ]
  7. Tauber S, Stepp H, Meier R, Bone A, Hofstetter A, Stief C: Integral spectrophotometric analysis of 5-aminolaevulinic acid-induced fluorescence cytology of the urinary bladder. BJU Int. 2006 May;97(5):992-6. [16643481 ]
  8. Bhardwaj RK, Herrera-Ruiz D, Sinko PJ, Gudmundsson OS, Knipp G: Delineation of human peptide transporter 1 (hPepT1)-mediated uptake and transport of substrates with varying transporter affinities utilizing stably transfected hPepT1/Madin-Darby canine kidney clones and Caco-2 cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005 Sep;314(3):1093-100. Epub 2005 May 18. [15901802 ]
  9. Tschudy DP, Valsamis M, Magnussen CR: Acute intermittent porphyria: clinical and selected research aspects. Ann Intern Med. 1975 Dec;83(6):851-64. [1106284 ]
  10. Lipinski M, Jeromin L: Comparison of the bladder tumour antigen test with photodynamic diagnosis in patients with pathologically confirmed recurrent superficial urinary bladder tumours. BJU Int. 2002 May;89(7):757-9. [11966640 ]
  11. Zareba G, Chmielnicka J: Disturbances in heme biosynthesis in rabbits after administration per os of low doses of tin or lead. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1992 Aug;34(2):115-22. [1381933 ]
  12. Srivastava G, Borthwick IA, Maguire DJ, Elferink CJ, Bawden MJ, Mercer JF, May BK: Regulation of 5-aminolevulinate synthase mRNA in different rat tissues. J Biol Chem. 1988 Apr 15;263(11):5202-9. [3356687 ]
  13. Maines MD, Mayer RD: Inhibition of testicular cytochrome P-450-dependent steroid biosynthesis by cis-platinum. Reversal by human chorionic gonadotropin. J Biol Chem. 1985 May 25;260(10):6063-8. [4039724 ]
  14. Santos MA, Belo VG, Santos G: Effectiveness of photodynamic therapy with topical 5-aminolevulinic acid and intense pulsed light versus intense pulsed light alone in the treatment of acne vulgaris: comparative study. Dermatol Surg. 2005 Aug;31(8 Pt 1):910-5. [16042935 ]
  15. Gederaas OA, Rasch MH, Berg K, Lagerberg JW, Dubbelman TM: Photodynamically induced effects in colon carcinoma cells (WiDr) by endogenous photosensitizers generated by incubation with 5-aminolaevulinic acid. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1999 Apr;49(2-3):162-70. [10392465 ]
  16. Lee S, Kollias N, McAuliffe DJ, Flotte TJ, Doukas AG: Topical drug delivery in humans with a single photomechanical wave. Pharm Res. 1999 Nov;16(11):1717-21. [10571277 ]
  17. van den Akker JT, Boot K, Vernon DI, Brown SB, Groenendijk L, van Rhoon GC, Sterenborg HJ: Effect of elevating the skin temperature during topical ALA application on in vitro ALA penetration through mouse skin and in vivo PpIX production in human skin. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2004 Mar;3(3):263-7. Epub 2004 Feb 13. [14993942 ]
  18. Lerda D: Study of sperm characteristics in persons occupationally exposed to lead. Am J Ind Med. 1992;22(4):567-71. [1442789 ]
  19. Winkler A, Muller-Goymann CC: Comparative permeation studies for delta-aminolevulinic acid and its n-butylester through stratum corneum and artificial skin constructs. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2002 May;53(3):281-7. [11976015 ]
  20. Hexyl aminolevulinate: 5-ALA hexylester, 5-ALA hexylesther, aminolevulinic acid hexyl ester, hexaminolevulinate, hexyl 5-aminolevulinate, P 1206. Drugs R D. 2005;6(4):235-8. [15991884 ]
  21. Collaud S, Jichlinski P, Marti A, Aymon D, Gurny R, Lange N: An open pharmacokinetic study of hexylaminolevulinate-induced photodiagnosis after intravesical administration. Drugs R D. 2006;7(3):173-86. [16752943 ]
  22. Fritsch C, Batz J, Bolsen K, Schulte KW, Zumdick M, Ruzicka T, Goerz G: Ex vivo application of delta-aminolevulinic acid induces high and specific porphyrin levels in human skin tumors: possible basis for selective photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol. 1997 Jul;66(1):114-8. [9230710 ]
Gene Regulation
Up-Regulated GenesNot Available
Down-Regulated GenesNot Available

Targets

Target Details
1. Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase
General Function:
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function:
Catalyzes an early step in the biosynthesis of tetrapyrroles. Binds two molecules of 5-aminolevulinate per subunit, each at a distinct site, and catalyzes their condensation to form porphobilinogen.
Gene Name:
ALAD
Uniprot ID:
P13716
Molecular Weight:
36294.485 Da
References
  1. Sakai T: Biomarkers of lead exposure. Ind Health. 2000 Apr;38(2):127-42. [10812836 ]
  2. Vajpayee P, Tripathi RD, Rai UN, Ali MB, Singh SN: Chromium (VI) accumulation reduces chlorophyll biosynthesis, nitrate reductase activity and protein content in Nymphaea alba L. Chemosphere. 2000 Oct;41(7):1075-82. [10879826 ]
  3. Tomas-Zapico C, Martinez-Fraga J, Rodriguez-Colunga MJ, Tolivia D, Hardeland R, Coto-Montes A: Melatonin protects against delta-aminolevulinic acid-induced oxidative damage in male Syrian hamster Harderian glands. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2002 May;34(5):544-53. [11906825 ]
  4. Frere F, Schubert WD, Stauffer F, Frankenberg N, Neier R, Jahn D, Heinz DW: Structure of porphobilinogen synthase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa in complex with 5-fluorolevulinic acid suggests a double Schiff base mechanism. J Mol Biol. 2002 Jul 5;320(2):237-47. [12079382 ]
  5. Flora SJ, Kannan GM, Pant BP, Jaiswal DK: Combined administration of oxalic acid, succimer and its analogue for the reversal of gallium arsenide-induced oxidative stress in rats. Arch Toxicol. 2002 Jun;76(5-6):269-76. Epub 2002 Apr 23. [12107644 ]
  6. Akagi R, Yasui Y, Harper P, Sassa S: A novel mutation of delta-aminolaevulinate dehydratase in a healthy child with 12% erythrocyte enzyme activity. Br J Haematol. 1999 Sep;106(4):931-7. [10519994 ]
  7. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [11752352 ]
Target Details
2. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1
General Function:
Gaba-a receptor activity
Specific Function:
GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel. Rho-1 GABA receptor could play a role in retinal neurotransmission.
Gene Name:
GABRR1
Uniprot ID:
P24046
Molecular Weight:
55882.91 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
IC5012.9 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50240386
References
  1. Kumar RJ, Chebib M, Hibbs DE, Kim HL, Johnston GA, Salam NK, Hanrahan JR: Novel gamma-aminobutyric acid rho1 receptor antagonists; synthesis, pharmacological activity and structure-activity relationships. J Med Chem. 2008 Jul 10;51(13):3825-40. doi: 10.1021/jm7015842. Epub 2008 Jun 5. [18528996 ]
Target Details
3. Solute carrier family 15 member 1
General Function:
Proton-dependent oligopeptide secondary active transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function:
Proton-coupled intake of oligopeptides of 2 to 4 amino acids with a preference for dipeptides. May constitute a major route for the absorption of protein digestion end-products.
Gene Name:
SLC15A1
Uniprot ID:
P46059
Molecular Weight:
78805.265 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
Inhibitory790 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50240386
References
  1. Gebauer S, Knutter I, Hartrodt B, Brandsch M, Neubert K, Thondorf I: Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship analyses of peptide substrates of the mammalian H+/peptide cotransporter PEPT1. J Med Chem. 2003 Dec 18;46(26):5725-34. [14667225 ]