T3DB: 2-Aminobenzoic acid

Identification Taxonomy Biological Properties Physical Properties Toxicity Profile Spectra Concentrations Links References Gene Regulation Targets (6)XML

Targets (6)

Record Information

Version

2.0

Creation Date

2014-08-29 05:48:32 UTC

Update Date

2014-12-24 20:26:40 UTC

Accession Number

T3D4165

Identification

Common Name

2-Aminobenzoic acid

Class

Small Molecule

Description

2-Aminobenzoic acid is a uremic toxin. Uremic toxins can be subdivided into three major groups based upon their chemical and physical characteristics: 1) small, water-soluble, non-protein-bound compounds, such as urea; 2) small, lipid-soluble and/or protein-bound compounds, such as the phenols and 3) larger so-called middle-molecules, such as beta2-microglobulin. Chronic exposure of uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. 2-Aminobenzoic acid is an organic compound. It is a substrate of enzyme anthranilate hydroxylase [EC 1.14.13.35] in benzoate degradation via hydroxylation pathway (KEGG).

Compound Type

Amide
Amine
Ester
Food Toxin
Metabolite
Natural Compound
Organic Compound
Uremic Toxin

Chemical Structure

MOL SDF 3D-SDF PDB SMILES InChI View 3D Structure

Synonyms

Synonym
1-Amino-2-carboxybenzene
2-Amino-Benzoate
2-Amino-Benzoic acid
2-Aminobenzoate
2-Aminophenylacetate
2-Aminophenylacetic acid
2-Carboxyaniline
Anthranate
Anthranic acid
Anthranilate
Anthranilic acid
Anthranilic acid gr
Carboxyaniline
H-2-Abz-OH
Kyselina anthranilova
Kyselina O-aminobenzoova
O-Amino-Benzoate
O-Amino-Benzoic acid
O-Aminobenzoate
O-Aminobenzoic acid
O-Anthranilate
O-Anthranilic acid
O-Carboxyaniline
Ortho-amidobenzoate
Ortho-amidobenzoic acid
Ortho-aminobenzoate
Ortho-aminobenzoic acid
Vitamin L
Vitamin L1

Chemical Formula

C₇H₇NO₂

Average Molecular Mass

137.136 g/mol

Monoisotopic Mass

137.048 g/mol

CAS Registry Number

118-92-3

IUPAC Name

2-aminobenzoic acid

Traditional Name

2-aminobenzoic acid

SMILES

NC1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C7H7NO2/c8-6-4-2-1-3-5(6)7(9)10/h1-4H,8H2,(H,9,10)

InChI Key

InChIKey=RWZYAGGXGHYGMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aminobenzoic acids. These are benzoic acids containing an amine group attached to the benzene moiety.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Benzenoids

Class

Benzene and substituted derivatives

Sub Class

Benzoic acids and derivatives

Direct Parent

Aminobenzoic acids

Alternative Parents

Substituents

Aminobenzoic acid
Benzoic acid
Benzoyl
Aniline or substituted anilines
Vinylogous amide
Amino acid or derivatives
Amino acid
Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
Carboxylic acid
Carboxylic acid derivative
Organic oxide
Primary amine
Organooxygen compound
Organonitrogen compound
Organopnictogen compound
Organic oxygen compound
Organic nitrogen compound
Amine
Hydrocarbon derivative
Aromatic homomonocyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds

External Descriptors

aminobenzoic acid (CHEBI:30754 )

Biological Properties

Status

Detected and Not Quantified

Origin

Endogenous

Cellular Locations

Cytoplasm
Extracellular

Biofluid Locations

Not Available

Tissue Locations

Epidermis
Fibroblasts

Pathways

Name	SMPDB Link	KEGG Link
Tryptophan Metabolism	SMP00063	map00380

Applications

Not Available

Biological Roles

Chemical Roles

Not Available

Physical Properties

State

Solid

Appearance

White powder.

Experimental Properties

Property	Value
Melting Point	146.5°C
Boiling Point	Not Available
Solubility	3.5 mg/mL
LogP	1.21

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	6.81 g/L	ALOGPS
logP	0.78	ALOGPS
logP	1.45	ChemAxon
logS	-1.3	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	4.89	ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	1.95	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	-1	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	3	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	2	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	63.32 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	1	ChemAxon
Refractivity	38.01 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	13.29 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	1	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	1	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	Yes	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	Yes	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	Yes	ChemAxon

Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	Deposition Date	View
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (2 TMS)	splash10-014i-1950000000-5595652a2e8f93679437	2014-06-16	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (Non-derivatized)	splash10-014i-1960000000-889ed538406d5aa57a5d	2014-06-16	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (2 TMS)	splash10-00xr-9650000000-e0611721f0bf7b5bb2f8	2014-06-16	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS)	splash10-00r6-2910000000-0daf33fe6231b5e15b0e	2014-06-16	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (2 TMS)	splash10-014i-3970000000-3351c7d8036c42c4cd41	2014-06-16	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)	splash10-00kf-9400000000-b65ee27505e8c4bcca28	2017-09-12	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)	splash10-014i-0490000000-4165d1d7b8fff53889dd	2017-09-12	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-014i-1950000000-5595652a2e8f93679437	2017-09-12	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-014i-1960000000-889ed538406d5aa57a5d	2017-09-12	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-00xr-9650000000-e0611721f0bf7b5bb2f8	2017-09-12	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)	splash10-00r6-2910000000-0daf33fe6231b5e15b0e	2017-09-12	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)	splash10-014i-3970000000-3351c7d8036c42c4cd41	2017-09-12	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-00kr-7900000000-a9c510a71b30a8fcc1b8	2016-09-22	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-00di-7900000000-cb7be965685a5ee30fbd	2017-10-06	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-12	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-12	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - EI-B (HITACHI RMU-7M) , Positive	splash10-00kf-9400000000-395d42e11895b80f4e9c	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-000i-0900000000-8c390367e035aea8527a	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-0006-9000000000-899b596a227cd9a1769d	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-014i-0900000000-3cc9be013399e30d7eae	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-00di-0900000000-655ef8fc722e0b1b6d14	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-000i-0900000000-4d0520217d12a10f9273	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-0006-9000000000-bab8539624c8af4e6434	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-014i-0900000000-f51f2db6bf1da2e26d20	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-00di-0900000000-86d698a8c81a3e765840	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negative	splash10-000i-0900000000-6df94712ad580bebfd21	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negative	splash10-0006-9100000000-a1ce64280c2d7f3b85df	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negative	splash10-0006-9000000000-454f848122c778e951ad	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Negative	splash10-0006-9000000000-7de473c1ca6bf702b2ac	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Negative	splash10-0006-9000000000-94f19baa1ae36f43be60	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Positive	splash10-00di-2900000000-c2bbbe5e00434e635ad2	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Positive	splash10-00di-4900000000-f8f84a5536375300afbd	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Positive	splash10-00r6-9200000000-fccd86d3a0a4bfe2e5d7	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Positive	splash10-014i-9000000000-91ceb340e5cf91473cba	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Positive	splash10-014i-9000000000-80972c552b97ae764bc4	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Positive	splash10-00di-4900000000-f494672ce9de4818b8c5	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Negative	splash10-0006-9300000000-9bbb2f00817538e072d5	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	splash10-0079-0900000000-e7e07e78dd5baa5c3f87	2015-05-26	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive	splash10-00di-1900000000-54a3d793d6fbf0220b47	2015-05-26	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive	splash10-0umi-9200000000-bd780d6ca957af006488	2015-05-26	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative	splash10-000f-9800000000-93111d593c96a3298a6c	2015-05-27	View Spectrum
MS	Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)	splash10-014u-9600000000-5b8e271f29d04a87c89a	2014-09-20	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H₂O, experimental)	Not Available	2012-12-04	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 90 MHz, DMSO-d6, experimental)	Not Available	2014-09-20	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, D₂O, experimental)	Not Available	2016-10-22	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2021-09-16	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H₂O, experimental)	Not Available	2021-10-10	View Spectrum
2D NMR	[¹H, ¹H]-TOCSY. Unexported temporarily by An Chi on Oct 15, 2021 until json or nmrML file is generated. 2D NMR Spectrum (experimental)	Not Available	2012-12-04	View Spectrum
2D NMR	[¹H, ¹³C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H₂O, experimental)	Not Available	2012-12-05	View Spectrum

Toxicity Profile

Route of Exposure

Endogenous, Ingestion, Dermal (contact)

Mechanism of Toxicity

Uremic toxins such as anthranilic acid are actively transported into the kidneys via organic ion transporters (especially OAT3). Increased levels of uremic toxins can stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species. This seems to be mediated by the direct binding or inhibition by uremic toxins of the enzyme NADPH oxidase (especially NOX4 which is abundant in the kidneys and heart) (2). Reactive oxygen species can induce several different DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) which are involved in the silencing of a protein known as KLOTHO. KLOTHO has been identified as having important roles in anti-aging, mineral metabolism, and vitamin D metabolism. A number of studies have indicated that KLOTHO mRNA and protein levels are reduced during acute or chronic kidney diseases in response to high local levels of reactive oxygen species (3).

Metabolism

Uremic toxins tend to accumulate in the blood either through dietary excess or through poor filtration by the kidneys. Most uremic toxins are metabolic waste products and are normally excreted in the urine or feces.

Toxicity Values

Not Available

Lethal Dose

Not Available

Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)

3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (15)

Uses/Sources

Naturally produced by the body (endogenous).

Minimum Risk Level

Not Available

Health Effects

Chronic exposure to uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease.

Symptoms

As a uremic toxin, this compound can cause uremic syndrome. Uremic syndrome may affect any part of the body and can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. It can also cause changes in mental status, such as confusion, reduced awareness, agitation, psychosis, seizures, and coma. Abnormal bleeding, such as bleeding spontaneously or profusely from a very minor injury can also occur. Heart problems, such as an irregular heartbeat, inflammation in the sac that surrounds the heart (pericarditis), and increased pressure on the heart can be seen in patients with uremic syndrome. Shortness of breath from fluid buildup in the space between the lungs and the chest wall (pleural effusion) can also be present.

Treatment

Kidney dialysis is usually needed to relieve the symptoms of uremic syndrome until normal kidney function can be restored.

Normal Concentrations

Not Available

Abnormal Concentrations

Not Available

External Links

DrugBank ID

HMDB ID

PubChem Compound ID

ChEMBL ID

ChemSpider ID

KEGG ID

UniProt ID

Not Available

OMIM ID

ChEBI ID

30754

BioCyc ID

ANTHRANILATE

CTD ID

Not Available

Stitch ID

Not Available

PDB ID

BE2

ACToR ID

Not Available

Wikipedia Link

Anthranilic acid

References

Synthesis Reference

Not Available

MSDS

Link

General References

Duranton F, Cohen G, De Smet R, Rodriguez M, Jankowski J, Vanholder R, Argiles A: Normal and pathologic concentrations of uremic toxins. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012 Jul;23(7):1258-70. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2011121175. Epub 2012 May 24. [22626821 ]
Schulz AM, Terne C, Jankowski V, Cohen G, Schaefer M, Boehringer F, Tepel M, Kunkel D, Zidek W, Jankowski J: Modulation of NADPH oxidase activity by known uraemic retention solutes. Eur J Clin Invest. 2014 Aug;44(8):802-11. doi: 10.1111/eci.12297. [25041433 ]
Young GH, Wu VC: KLOTHO methylation is linked to uremic toxins and chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2012 Apr;81(7):611-2. doi: 10.1038/ki.2011.461. [22419041 ]
Di Marco GS, Quinto BM, Juliano M, Carmona AK, Stella RC, Plavnik FL, Casarini DE: Purification and characterization of a neutral endopeptidase-like enzyme from human urine. J Hypertens. 1998 Dec;16(12 Pt 2):1971-8. [9886885 ]
Hagag N, Birnbaum ER, Darnall DW: Resonance energy transfer between cysteine-34, tryptophan-214, and tyrosine-411 of human serum albumin. Biochemistry. 1983 May 10;22(10):2420-7. [6860638 ]
Little CH, Georgiou GM, Shelton MJ, Simpson F, Cone RE: Clinical and immunological responses in subjects sensitive to solvents. Arch Environ Health. 1999 Jan-Feb;54(1):6-14. [10025410 ]
Calandra P: Research on tryptophan metabolites "via kynurenine" in epidermis of man and mouse. Acta Vitaminol Enzymol. 1975;29(1-6):158-60. [1244085 ]
Ritchie MR, Morton MS, Thompson AM, Deighton N, Blake A, Cummings JH, Steel CM: Investigation of the reliability of 24 h urine excretion as a biomarker of isoflavone exposure over time and over a wide range of isoflavone intakes. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004 Sep;58(9):1286-9. [15054404 ]
Ortega RM, Andres P, Martinez RM, Lopez-Sobaler AM: Vitamin A status during the third trimester of pregnancy in Spanish women: influence on concentrations of vitamin A in breast milk. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 Sep;66(3):564-8. [9280174 ]
Alves MF, Araujo MC, Juliano MA, Oliveira EM, Krieger JE, Casarini DE, Juliano L, Carmona AK: A continuous fluorescent assay for the determination of plasma and tissue angiotensin I-converting enzyme activity. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2005 Jun;38(6):861-8. Epub 2005 Jun 1. [15933779 ]
Soma J, Sugawara T, Huang YD, Nakajima J, Kawamura M: Tranilast slows the progression of advanced diabetic nephropathy. Nephron. 2002;92(3):693-8. [12372957 ]
Ahmad S: The functional roles of cytochrome P-450 mediated systems: present knowledge and future areas of investigations. Drug Metab Rev. 1979;10(1):1-14. [118858 ]
Spivak W, Carey MC: Reverse-phase h.p.l.c. separation, quantification and preparation of bilirubin and its conjugates from native bile. Quantitative analysis of the intact tetrapyrroles based on h.p.l.c. of their ethyl anthranilate azo derivatives. Biochem J. 1985 Feb 1;225(3):787-805. [3919713 ]
Igari T, Tsuchizawa M, Shimamura T: Alteration of tryptophan metabolism in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1987 Oct;153(2):79-86. [3500530 ]
International Agency for Research on Cancer (2014). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. [Link]

Gene Regulation

Up-Regulated Genes

Not Available

Down-Regulated Genes

Not Available

Targets

Target Details

1. D-amino-acid oxidase

General Function:: Receptor binding
Specific Function:: Regulates the level of the neuromodulator D-serine in the brain. Has high activity towards D-DOPA and contributes to dopamine synthesis. Could act as a detoxifying agent which removes D-amino acids accumulated during aging. Acts on a variety of D-amino acids with a preference for those having small hydrophobic side chains followed by those bearing polar, aromatic, and basic groups. Does not act on acidic amino acids.
Gene Name:: DAO
Uniprot ID:: P14920
Molecular Weight:: 39473.75 Da

References

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [17139284 ]
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [17016423 ]
Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [10592235 ]
Schulz AM, Terne C, Jankowski V, Cohen G, Schaefer M, Boehringer F, Tepel M, Kunkel D, Zidek W, Jankowski J: Modulation of NADPH oxidase activity by known uraemic retention solutes. Eur J Clin Invest. 2014 Aug;44(8):802-11. doi: 10.1111/eci.12297. [25041433 ]
Young GH, Wu VC: KLOTHO methylation is linked to uremic toxins and chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2012 Apr;81(7):611-2. doi: 10.1038/ki.2011.461. [22419041 ]

Target Details

2. L-amino-acid oxidase

General Function:: L-amino-acid oxidase activity
Specific Function:: Lysosomal L-amino-acid oxidase with highest specific activity with phenylalanine. May play a role in lysosomal antigen processing and presentation (By similarity).
Gene Name:: IL4I1
Uniprot ID:: Q96RQ9
Molecular Weight:: 62880.52 Da

References

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [17139284 ]
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [17016423 ]
Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [10592235 ]
Schulz AM, Terne C, Jankowski V, Cohen G, Schaefer M, Boehringer F, Tepel M, Kunkel D, Zidek W, Jankowski J: Modulation of NADPH oxidase activity by known uraemic retention solutes. Eur J Clin Invest. 2014 Aug;44(8):802-11. doi: 10.1111/eci.12297. [25041433 ]
Young GH, Wu VC: KLOTHO methylation is linked to uremic toxins and chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2012 Apr;81(7):611-2. doi: 10.1038/ki.2011.461. [22419041 ]

Target Details

3. 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial

General Function:: Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase binding
Specific Function:: Catalyzes the conversion of gamma-aminobutyrate and L-beta-aminoisobutyrate to succinate semialdehyde and methylmalonate semialdehyde, respectively. Can also convert delta-aminovalerate and beta-alanine.
Gene Name:: ABAT
Uniprot ID:: P80404
Molecular Weight:: 56438.405 Da

Binding/Activity Constants

Type	Value	Assay Type	Assay Source
IC50	>5000 uM	Not Available	BindingDB 50376751

References

Clift MD, Silverman RB: Synthesis and evaluation of novel aromatic substrates and competitive inhibitors of GABA aminotransferase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2008 May 15;18(10):3122-5. Epub 2007 Oct 22. [17988865 ]
Schulz AM, Terne C, Jankowski V, Cohen G, Schaefer M, Boehringer F, Tepel M, Kunkel D, Zidek W, Jankowski J: Modulation of NADPH oxidase activity by known uraemic retention solutes. Eur J Clin Invest. 2014 Aug;44(8):802-11. doi: 10.1111/eci.12297. [25041433 ]
Young GH, Wu VC: KLOTHO methylation is linked to uremic toxins and chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2012 Apr;81(7):611-2. doi: 10.1038/ki.2011.461. [22419041 ]

Target Details

4. Klotho

General Function:: Vitamin d binding
Specific Function:: May have weak glycosidase activity towards glucuronylated steroids. However, it lacks essential active site Glu residues at positions 239 and 872, suggesting it may be inactive as a glycosidase in vivo. May be involved in the regulation of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis by inhibiting the synthesis of active vitamin D (By similarity). Essential factor for the specific interaction between FGF23 and FGFR1 (By similarity).The Klotho peptide generated by cleavage of the membrane-bound isoform may be an anti-aging circulating hormone which would extend life span by inhibiting insulin/IGF1 signaling.
Gene Name:: KL
Uniprot ID:: Q9UEF7
Molecular Weight:: 116179.815 Da

References

Schulz AM, Terne C, Jankowski V, Cohen G, Schaefer M, Boehringer F, Tepel M, Kunkel D, Zidek W, Jankowski J: Modulation of NADPH oxidase activity by known uraemic retention solutes. Eur J Clin Invest. 2014 Aug;44(8):802-11. doi: 10.1111/eci.12297. [25041433 ]
Young GH, Wu VC: KLOTHO methylation is linked to uremic toxins and chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2012 Apr;81(7):611-2. doi: 10.1038/ki.2011.461. [22419041 ]

Target Details

5. NADPH oxidase 4

General Function:: Superoxide-generating nadph oxidase activity
Specific Function:: Constitutive NADPH oxidase which generates superoxide intracellularly upon formation of a complex with CYBA/p22phox. Regulates signaling cascades probably through phosphatases inhibition. May function as an oxygen sensor regulating the KCNK3/TASK-1 potassium channel and HIF1A activity. May regulate insulin signaling cascade. May play a role in apoptosis, bone resorption and lipolysaccharide-mediated activation of NFKB. May produce superoxide in the nucleus and play a role in regulating gene expression upon cell stimulation. Isoform 3 is not functional. Isoform 5 and isoform 6 display reduced activity.Isoform 4: Involved in redox signaling in vascular cells. Constitutively and NADPH-dependently generates reactive oxygen species (ROS). Modulates the nuclear activation of ERK1/2 and the ELK1 transcription factor, and is capable of inducing nuclear DNA damage. Displays an increased activity relative to isoform 1.
Gene Name:: NOX4
Uniprot ID:: Q9NPH5
Molecular Weight:: 66930.995 Da

References

Schulz AM, Terne C, Jankowski V, Cohen G, Schaefer M, Boehringer F, Tepel M, Kunkel D, Zidek W, Jankowski J: Modulation of NADPH oxidase activity by known uraemic retention solutes. Eur J Clin Invest. 2014 Aug;44(8):802-11. doi: 10.1111/eci.12297. [25041433 ]
Young GH, Wu VC: KLOTHO methylation is linked to uremic toxins and chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2012 Apr;81(7):611-2. doi: 10.1038/ki.2011.461. [22419041 ]

Target Details

6. Solute carrier family 22 member 8

General Function:: Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function:: Plays an important role in the excretion/detoxification of endogenous and exogenous organic anions, especially from the brain and kidney. Involved in the transport basolateral of steviol, fexofenadine. Transports benzylpenicillin (PCG), estrone-3-sulfate (E1S), cimetidine (CMD), 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetate (2,4-D), p-amino-hippurate (PAH), acyclovir (ACV) and ochratoxin (OTA).
Gene Name:: SLC22A8
Uniprot ID:: Q8TCC7
Molecular Weight:: 59855.585 Da

References

Schulz AM, Terne C, Jankowski V, Cohen G, Schaefer M, Boehringer F, Tepel M, Kunkel D, Zidek W, Jankowski J: Modulation of NADPH oxidase activity by known uraemic retention solutes. Eur J Clin Invest. 2014 Aug;44(8):802-11. doi: 10.1111/eci.12297. [25041433 ]
Young GH, Wu VC: KLOTHO methylation is linked to uremic toxins and chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2012 Apr;81(7):611-2. doi: 10.1038/ki.2011.461. [22419041 ]

2-Aminobenzoic acid (T3D4165)

Structure for T3D4165: 2-Aminobenzoic acid

Targets

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Binding/Activity Constants

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