Lycorine (T3D4064)

IdentificationTaxonomyBiological PropertiesPhysical PropertiesToxicity ProfileSpectraConcentrationsLinksReferencesGene RegulationTargets (1)XML
Targets (1)
Record Information
Version2.0
Creation Date2014-08-29 05:00:45 UTC
Update Date2014-12-24 20:26:37 UTC
Accession NumberT3D4064
Identification
Common NameLycorine
ClassSmall Molecule
DescriptionLycorine is a toxic crystalline alkaloid found in various Amaryllidaceae species, such as the cultivated bush lily (Clivia miniata), surprise lilies (Lycoris), and daffodils (Narcissus). It may be highly poisonous, or even lethal, when ingested in certain quantities. Symptoms of lycorine toxicity are vomiting, diarrhea, and convulsions. Lycorine, definition at mercksource.com Regardless, it is sometimes used medicinally, a reason why some groups may harvest the very popular Clivia miniata.
Compound Type
  • Amine
  • Natural Compound
  • Organic Compound
  • Plant Toxin
Chemical Structure
Thumb
MOLSDF3D-SDFPDBSMILESInChI View 3D Structure
Synonyms
Synonym
(-)-Lycorine
Amarylline
Galanthidine
Licorine
Narcissine
Chemical FormulaC16H17NO4
Average Molecular Mass287.311 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass287.116 g/mol
CAS Registry Number476-28-8
IUPAC Name(1S,17S,18S,19S)-5,7-dioxa-12-azapentacyclo[10.6.1.0^{2,10}.0^{4,8}.0^{15,19}]nonadeca-2,4(8),9,15-tetraene-17,18-diol
Traditional Name(1S,17S,18S,19S)-5,7-dioxa-12-azapentacyclo[10.6.1.0^{2,10}.0^{4,8}.0^{15,19}]nonadeca-2,4(8),9,15-tetraene-17,18-diol
SMILES[H][C@@]12N3CCC1=C[C@]([H])(O)[C@@]([H])(O)[C@@]2([H])C1=CC2=C(OCO2)C=C1C3
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/C16H17NO4/c18-11-3-8-1-2-17-6-9-4-12-13(21-7-20-12)5-10(9)14(15(8)17)16(11)19/h3-5,11,14-16,18-19H,1-2,6-7H2/t11-,14-,15+,16+/m0/s1
InChI KeyInChIKey=XGVJWXAYKUHDOO-DANNLKNASA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as lycorine-type amaryllidaceae alkaloids. These are amaryllidaceae alkaloids compounds containing the lycorine skeleton, made up of a pyrrolo[d,e]phenanthridine ring system.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassAlkaloids and derivatives
ClassAmaryllidaceae alkaloids
Sub ClassLycorine-type amaryllidaceae alkaloids
Direct ParentLycorine-type amaryllidaceae alkaloids
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Lycorine skeleton
  • Benzoquinoline
  • Phenanthridine
  • Quinoline
  • Tetrahydroisoquinoline
  • Benzodioxole
  • Indole or derivatives
  • Aralkylamine
  • Benzenoid
  • N-alkylpyrrolidine
  • Pyrrolidine
  • Tertiary aliphatic amine
  • Tertiary amine
  • Secondary alcohol
  • 1,2-diol
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Azacycle
  • Oxacycle
  • Acetal
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Amine
  • Alcohol
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginExogenous
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Endoplasmic reticulum membrane
  • Extracellular
  • Mitochondrion
  • Ribosome
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
NameSMPDB LinkKEGG Link
ApoptosisNot Availablemap04210
Cell cycleNot Availablemap04110
ApplicationsNot Available
Biological Roles
Chemical Roles
Physical Properties
StateSolid
AppearanceWhite powder.
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting PointNot Available
Boiling PointNot Available
SolubilityNot Available
LogPNot Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility7.43 g/LALOGPS
logP0.01ALOGPS
logP0.16ChemAxon
logS-1.6ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)13.46ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)7.82ChemAxon
Physiological Charge1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count5ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area62.16 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count0ChemAxon
Refractivity76.18 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability30.04 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings5ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateView
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-000i-0090000000-541d9e5ebce4884ee6f22016-06-20View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-0079-0090000000-aab8ce149630f65d17dc2016-06-20View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-0fkc-1190000000-c75a15b3ca7042751b592016-06-20View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-000i-0090000000-b01b02205eecad1a28212016-08-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-000i-0090000000-ca3318ca7ae80ee9797e2016-08-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-0229-1190000000-73ea3912a735adeaa7442016-08-03View Spectrum
Toxicity Profile
Route of ExposureNot Available
Mechanism of ToxicityLycorine is a cholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. A cholinesterase inhibitor (or 'anticholinesterase') suppresses the action of acetylcholinesterase. Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of acetylcholinesterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye-watering in low doses, followed by muscle spasms and ultimately death. Nerve gases and many substances used in insecticides have been shown to act by binding a serine in the active site of acetylcholine esterase, inhibiting the enzyme completely. Acetylcholine esterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve and muscle junctions, in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. The result of acetylcholine esterase inhibition is that acetylcholine builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop. Among the most common acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are phosphorus-based compounds, which are designed to bind to the active site of the enzyme. The structural requirements are a phosphorus atom bearing two lipophilic groups, a leaving group (such as a halide or thiocyanate), and a terminal oxygen.
MetabolismParaoxonase (PON1) is a key enzyme in the metabolism of organophosphates. PON1 can inactivate some organophosphates through hydrolysis. PON1 hydrolyzes the active metabolites in several organophosphates insecticides as well as, nerve agents such as soman, sarin, and VX. The presence of PON1 polymorphisms causes there to be different enzyme levels and catalytic efficiency of this esterase, which in turn suggests that different individuals may be more susceptible to the toxic effect of OP exposure.
Toxicity ValuesNot Available
Lethal DoseNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Uses/SourcesLycorine is a toxic crystalline alkaloid found in various Amaryllidaceae species, such as the cultivated bush lily (Clivia miniata), surprise lilies (Lycoris), and daffodils (Narcissus). Lycorine, definition at mercksource.com Regardless, it is sometimes used medicinally, a reason why some groups may harvest the very popular Clivia miniata.
Minimum Risk LevelNot Available
Health EffectsAcute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Certain reproductive effects in fertility, growth, and development for males and females have been linked specifically to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Most of the research on reproductive effects has been conducted on farmers working with pesticides and insecticdes in rural areas. In females menstrual cycle disturbances, longer pregnancies, spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and some developmental effects in offspring have been linked to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Prenatal exposure has been linked to impaired fetal growth and development. Neurotoxic effects have also been linked to poisoning with OP pesticides causing four neurotoxic effects in humans: cholinergic syndrome, intermediate syndrome, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND). These syndromes result after acute and chronic exposure to OP pesticides.
SymptomsSymptoms of low dose exposure include excessive salivation and eye-watering. Acute dose symptoms include severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Hypertension, hypoglycemia, anxiety, headache, tremor and ataxia may also result.
TreatmentIf the compound has been ingested, rapid gastric lavage should be performed using 5% sodium bicarbonate. For skin contact, the skin should be washed with soap and water. If the compound has entered the eyes, they should be washed with large quantities of isotonic saline or water. In serious cases, atropine and/or pralidoxime should be administered. Anti-cholinergic drugs work to counteract the effects of excess acetylcholine and reactivate AChE. Atropine can be used as an antidote in conjunction with pralidoxime or other pyridinium oximes (such as trimedoxime or obidoxime), though the use of '-oximes' has been found to be of no benefit, or possibly harmful, in at least two meta-analyses. Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist, and thus blocks the action of acetylcholine peripherally.
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
DrugBank IDNot Available
HMDB IDNot Available
PubChem Compound ID72378
ChEMBL IDCHEMBL400092
ChemSpider ID65312
KEGG IDC08532
UniProt IDNot Available
OMIM ID
ChEBI IDCHEBI:6601
BioCyc IDNot Available
CTD IDNot Available
Stitch IDNot Available
PDB IDNot Available
ACToR IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
MSDST3D4064.pdf
General ReferencesNot Available
Gene Regulation
Up-Regulated GenesNot Available
Down-Regulated GenesNot Available

Targets

Target Details
1. Acetylcholinesterase
General Function:
Serine hydrolase activity
Specific Function:
Terminates signal transduction at the neuromuscular junction by rapid hydrolysis of the acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft. Role in neuronal apoptosis.
Gene Name:
ACHE
Uniprot ID:
P22303
Molecular Weight:
67795.525 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
IC50155 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50221066
References
  1. Wang YH, Zhang ZK, Yang FM, Sun QY, He HP, Di YT, Mu SZ, Lu Y, Chang Y, Zheng QT, Ding M, Dong JH, Hao XJ: Benzylphenethylamine alkaloids from Hosta plantaginea with inhibitory activity against tobacco mosaic virus and acetylcholinesterase. J Nat Prod. 2007 Sep;70(9):1458-61. Epub 2007 Sep 7. [17822295 ]