Tungsten (T3D3959)

IdentificationTaxonomyBiological PropertiesPhysical PropertiesToxicity ProfileSpectraConcentrationsLinksReferencesGene RegulationXML
Record Information
Version2.0
Creation Date2014-08-29 04:47:19 UTC
Update Date2014-12-24 20:26:34 UTC
Accession NumberT3D3959
Identification
Common NameTungsten
ClassSmall Molecule
DescriptionTungsten is a transition metal found, along with chromium, molybdenum and seaborgium, in Group VI of the Periodic Table of elements. Since its discovery in the last quarter of 18th century, tungsten-based products have been in use in a wide range of applications stretching from daily household necessities to highly specialized components of modern science and technology. As new applications and uses are discovered continuously, interest on and demand for tungsten, already an essential commodity, are projected to increase steadily in the years to come. Unavoidably, as is the case with other natural materials and/or non-renewable resources, increased demand and use of tungsten will spawn (a) increased interactions with other materials and/or non-sustainable practices, (b) a greater number of possible entry points into the natural and human environment and (c) a higher probability of deliberate or accidental releases. Currently, the existing knowledge base does not provide clear information about the behavior of tungsten-based products in the environment. The toxicological profile of tungsten, including possible effects on living organisms and exposure pathways, remains rather sketchy, narrow and fragmentary. Regulation of tungsten, both in terms of environmental and occupational safety and health, is at present limited in comparison with other metals. This pattern of environmental obscurity has been unequivocally disrupted by the events of Fallon, Nevada and the possible implication of tungsten to an acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) cluster. Tungsten is now the focus of scrutiny as it currently occupies the top of 'to do' lists of various regulatory, health and environmental agencies. The occurrence of a childhood leukemia cluster in Fallon, Nevada prompted a wide investigation that involved several local, state and federal agencies led by the Centers of Disease Control (CDC). In essence, the objective of this investigation was to assess whether environmental causes were responsible for the cluster. The 16 reported leukemia cases within the time frame of 1997-2001, were well above the average for Nevada (3.0 cases/100,000 children/5 years). Several possible causes were proposed, such as jet fuel (JP-8) from a nearby military base or from a JP-8 pipeline running through the city, high levels of arsenic and other metals in the drinking water supplies, industrial pollution from a local tungsten smelting facility, and agrochemical contamination resulting from agricultural pesticide/fungicide use. Although the exact causes of leukemia are not well known, genetic and/or environmental factors may trigger the disease including ionizing and electromagnetic radiation, infectious and chemical agents. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. (1).
Compound Type
  • Food Toxin
  • Fungicide
  • Household Toxin
  • Industrial/Workplace Toxin
  • Inorganic Compound
  • Metabolite
  • Metal
  • Natural Compound
  • Pesticide
  • Pollutant
Chemical Structure
Thumb
MOLSDFPDBSMILESInChI
Synonyms
Synonym
Tungsten ion
Tunsten
Wolfram
Wolframium
Chemical FormulaW
Average Molecular Mass183.840 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass183.949 g/mol
CAS Registry Number7440-33-7
IUPAC Nametungsten(4+) ion
Traditional Nametungsten(4+) ion
SMILES[W+4]
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/W/q+4
InChI KeyInChIKey=YFGRPIXHCIXTLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as homogeneous transition metal compounds. These are inorganic compounds containing only metal atoms,with the largest atom being a transition metal atom.
KingdomInorganic compounds
Super ClassHomogeneous metal compounds
ClassHomogeneous transition metal compounds
Sub ClassNot Available
Direct ParentHomogeneous transition metal compounds
Alternative ParentsNot Available
Substituents
  • Homogeneous transition metal
Molecular FrameworkNot Available
External Descriptors
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginExogenous
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue Locations
  • Liver
PathwaysNot Available
ApplicationsNot Available
Biological Roles
Chemical RolesNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
AppearanceWhite powder.
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting Point3410°C
Boiling Point5900°C (10652°F)
SolubilityNot Available
LogPNot Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
logP0ChemAxon
Physiological Charge4ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area0 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count0ChemAxon
Refractivity0 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability1.78 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateView
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-001i-0900000000-5aed1c5d3e646fa1fdaf2016-08-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-001i-0900000000-5aed1c5d3e646fa1fdaf2016-08-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-001i-0900000000-5aed1c5d3e646fa1fdaf2016-08-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-001i-0900000000-4c1e004288d3337c00972016-08-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-001i-0900000000-4c1e004288d3337c00972016-08-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-001i-0900000000-4c1e004288d3337c00972016-08-03View Spectrum
Toxicity Profile
Route of ExposureIngestion (5); inhalation (5); absorption (5)
Mechanism of ToxicityTungsten oxide (or tungsten trioxide: WO3) is a chemical compound containing oxygen and the transition metal tungsten. Possible health impact of WO3 nanoparticles (NPs) upon introduction into the body is of great interest. Cytotoxicity, inflammation and increased oxidative stress through reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation are prominently discussed to be relevant factors regarding the safety of small particles down to the nano-range. It has been reported that different sizes and morphologies of NPs have the potential to influence the interaction with many kind of biomolecules, including proteins, enzymes and DNA. The liver was considered as a target site for nanotoxicity due to its accumulative properties after ingestion, inhalation or absorption. (5) Tungsten interferes with molybdenum and copper metabolism and is somewhat toxic to animal life. (Wikipedia)
MetabolismNot Available
Toxicity ValuesNot Available
Lethal DoseNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Uses/SourcesNot Available
Minimum Risk LevelNot Available
Health EffectsNot Available
SymptomsNot Available
TreatmentNot Available
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
DrugBank IDNot Available
HMDB IDHMDB01989
PubChem Compound IDNot Available
ChEMBL IDNot Available
ChemSpider ID11524983
KEGG IDC00753
UniProt IDNot Available
OMIM ID
ChEBI ID30517
BioCyc IDW%2b6
CTD IDNot Available
Stitch IDNot Available
PDB IDNot Available
ACToR IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkTungsten
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
MSDSLink
General References
  1. Koutsospyros A, Braida W, Christodoulatos C, Dermatas D, Strigul N: A review of tungsten: from environmental obscurity to scrutiny. J Hazard Mater. 2006 Aug 10;136(1):1-19. Epub 2005 Dec 15. [16343746 ]
  2. Schroder K, Vecchione C, Jung O, Schreiber JG, Shiri-Sverdlov R, van Gorp PJ, Busse R, Brandes RP: Xanthine oxidase inhibitor tungsten prevents the development of atherosclerosis in ApoE knockout mice fed a Western-type diet. Free Radic Biol Med. 2006 Nov 1;41(9):1353-60. Epub 2006 Apr 4. [17023262 ]
  3. Navas-Acien A, Silbergeld EK, Sharrett R, Calderon-Aranda E, Selvin E, Guallar E: Metals in urine and peripheral arterial disease. Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb;113(2):164-9. [15687053 ]
  4. Nagareddy PR, Vasudevan H, McNeill JH: Oral administration of sodium tungstate improves cardiac performance in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2005 May;83(5):405-11. [15897922 ]
  5. Turkez H, Sonmez E, Turkez O, Mokhtar YI, Stefano AD, Turgut G: The Risk Evaluation of Tungsten Oxide Nanoparticles in Cultured Rat Liver Cells for Its Safe Applications in Nanotechnology. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology. 2014; 57(4):532-541. [Link]
Gene Regulation
Up-Regulated GenesNot Available
Down-Regulated GenesNot Available