Record Information |
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Version | 2.0 |
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Creation Date | 2010-04-28 21:56:08 UTC |
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Update Date | 2014-12-24 20:26:26 UTC |
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Accession Number | T3D3723 |
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Identification |
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Common Name | Verrucarol |
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Class | Small Molecule |
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Description | Verrucarol is a trichothecene. Trichothecenes are a very large family of chemically related mycotoxins produced by various species of Fusarium, Myrothecium, Trichoderma, Trichothecium, Cephalosporium, Verticimonosporium, and Stachybotrys. The most important structural features causing the biological activities of trichothecenes are: the 12,13-epoxy ring, the presence of hydroxyl or acetyl groups at appropriate positions on the trichothecene nucleus and the structure and position of the side-chain. They are produced on many different grains like wheat, oats or maize by various Fusarium species such as F. graminearum, F. sporotrichioides, F. poae and F. equiseti. Some molds that produce trichothecene mycotoxins, such as Stachybotrys chartarum, can grow in damp indoor environments and may contribute to health problems among building occupants. (9) |
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Compound Type | - Ether
- Fungal Toxin
- Lachrymator
- Mycotoxin
- Natural Compound
- Organic Compound
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Chemical Structure | |
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Synonyms | Synonym | (4beta)-12,13-Epoxytrichothec-9-ene-4,15-diol | 4beta,15-Dihydroxy-12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene |
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Chemical Formula | C15H22O4 |
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Average Molecular Mass | 266.333 g/mol |
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Monoisotopic Mass | 266.152 g/mol |
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CAS Registry Number | 2198-92-7 |
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IUPAC Name | 2'-(hydroxymethyl)-1',5'-dimethyl-8'-oxaspiro[oxirane-2,12'-tricyclo[7.2.1.0²,⁷]dodecan]-5'-en-11'-ol |
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Traditional Name | 2'-(hydroxymethyl)-1',5'-dimethyl-8'-oxaspiro[oxirane-2,12'-tricyclo[7.2.1.0²,⁷]dodecan]-5'-en-11'-ol |
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SMILES | CC1=CC2OC3CC(O)C(C)(C33CO3)C2(CO)CC1 |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C15H22O4/c1-9-3-4-14(7-16)11(5-9)19-12-6-10(17)13(14,2)15(12)8-18-15/h5,10-12,16-17H,3-4,6-8H2,1-2H3 |
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InChI Key | InChIKey=ZSRVBNXAPSQDFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | belongs to the class of organic compounds known as trichothecenes. These are sesquiterpene mycotoxins structurally characterized by the presence of an epoxide ring and a benzopyran derivative with a variant number of hydroxyl, acetyl, or other substituents. The most important structural features causing the biological activities of trichothecenes are the 12,13-epoxy ring, the presence of hydroxyl or acetyl groups at appropriate positions on the trichothecene nucleus and the structure and position of the side-chain. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Lipids and lipid-like molecules |
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Class | Prenol lipids |
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Sub Class | Sesquiterpenoids |
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Direct Parent | Trichothecenes |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Trichothecene skeleton
- Oxepane
- Oxane
- Cyclic alcohol
- Secondary alcohol
- Dialkyl ether
- Oxirane
- Ether
- Oxacycle
- Organoheterocyclic compound
- Organic oxygen compound
- Organooxygen compound
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Alcohol
- Primary alcohol
- Aliphatic heteropolycyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic heteropolycyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | Not Available |
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Biological Properties |
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Status | Detected and Not Quantified |
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Origin | Exogenous |
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Cellular Locations | |
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Biofluid Locations | Not Available |
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Tissue Locations | Not Available |
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Pathways | Not Available |
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Applications | Not Available |
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Biological Roles | Not Available |
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Chemical Roles | Not Available |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Appearance | White powder. |
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Experimental Properties | Property | Value |
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Melting Point | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Solubility | Not Available | LogP | Not Available |
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Predicted Properties | |
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Spectra |
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Spectra | Spectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | View |
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Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive | splash10-00kb-0090000000-e78da7b8cf5a195f3885 | 2016-08-03 | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive | splash10-000t-1890000000-b2baf24c8c75496a8e9c | 2016-08-03 | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive | splash10-0fz9-9550000000-9e9e7923aa8ca1035f3c | 2016-08-03 | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative | splash10-014i-0090000000-68b99fd4e53828ae2663 | 2016-08-03 | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative | splash10-014s-0390000000-2ee8e5f111e7fbe01e77 | 2016-08-03 | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative | splash10-0a4i-5900000000-9dcf7710e44ae9f3f7a5 | 2016-08-03 | View Spectrum |
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Toxicity Profile |
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Route of Exposure | Oral, dermal, inhalation, and parenteral (contaminated drugs). (5) |
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Mechanism of Toxicity | Unlike many other mycotoxins, trichothecenes do not require metabolic activation to exert their biological activity, instead directly reacting with cellular components. Trichothecenes are cytotoxic to most eukaryotic cells due to their powerful ability to inhibit protein synthesis. They do this by freely moving across the plasma membrane and binding specifically to ribosomes with high-affinity. Specifically, they interfere with the active site of peptidyl transferase at the 3'-end of large 28S ribosomal RNA and inhibit the initiation, elongation or termination step of protein synthesis, as well as cause polyribosomal disaggregation. Protein synthesis is an essential function in all tissues, but tissues where cells are actively and rapidly growing and dividing are very susceptible to the toxins. Additionally, binding to ribosomes is thought to activate proteins in downstream signalling events related to immune response and apoptosis, such as mitogen-activated protein kinases. This is known as ribotoxic stress response. Trichothecenes may also induce some alterations in membrane structure, leading to increased lipid peroxidation and inhibition of electron transport activity in the mitochondria. They can further induce apoptosis through generation of reactive oxygen species. Further secondary effects of trichothecenes include inhibition of RNA and DNA synthesis, and also inhibition of mitosis. (9, 10, 1, 2, 3, 4) |
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Metabolism | Trichothecenes are lipophilic and thus easily absorbed through the skin, gut, and pulmonary mucosa. They are metabolized mainly by cytochrome P-450 and trichothecene-specific carboxylesterase activity in the liver, although other tissues such as the kidney, spleen, and intestine also show some metabolic activity. Trichothecenes are metabolically transformed to less toxic metabolites by such reactions as hydrolysis, hydroxylation, de-epoxidation, and glucuronidation. Metabolites are excreted in the urine and feces. (8, 10) |
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Toxicity Values | Not Available |
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Lethal Dose | Not Available |
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Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) | No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). |
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Uses/Sources | Trichothecenes are a very large family of chemically related mycotoxins produced by various species of Fusarium, Myrothecium, Trichoderma, Trichothecium, Cephalosporium, Verticimonosporium, and Stachybotrys. They are produced on many different grains like wheat, oats or maize by various Fusarium species such as F. graminearum, F. sporotrichioides, F. poae and F. equiseti. Some molds that produce trichothecene mycotoxins, such as Stachybotrys chartarum, can grow in damp indoor environments and may contribute to health problems among building occupants. (9) |
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Minimum Risk Level | Not Available |
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Health Effects | Trichothecenes have multiorgan effects including anoerxia and weight loss, growth retardation, nervous disorders, cardiovascular alterations, immunodepression, hemostatic derangements, skin toxicity, decreased reproductive capacity, bone marrow damage, and alimentary toxic aleukia. (9, 10, 3) |
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Symptoms | After direct dermal application or oral ingestion, the trichothecene mycotoxins can cause rapid irritation to the skin or intestinal mucosa, including skin irritation, burning and itching, rash or blisters, and bleeding. Eye contact can cause tearing, eye pain, conjunctivitis, burning sensations about the eyes, and blurred vision for up to 1 week. Symptoms also include nausea, vomiting, fatigue, dyspnea, and acute vascular effects leading to hypotension and shock. (9, 10) |
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Treatment | There are no known antidotes to trichothecene mycotoxins. Treatments are directed at supporting hemopoietic abnormalities, gastrointestinal damage, and skin damage. Administer charcoal as a slurry in case of acute oral exposure. In case of inhalation: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids. In case of eye exposure, Irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature water for at least 15 minutes. In case of dermal exposure, Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. (6) |
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Normal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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Abnormal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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External Links |
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DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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HMDB ID | Not Available |
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PubChem Compound ID | 104989 |
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ChEMBL ID | Not Available |
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ChemSpider ID | Not Available |
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KEGG ID | Not Available |
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UniProt ID | Not Available |
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OMIM ID | |
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ChEBI ID | Not Available |
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BioCyc ID | Not Available |
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CTD ID | Not Available |
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Stitch ID | Not Available |
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PDB ID | Not Available |
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ACToR ID | Not Available |
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Wikipedia Link | Not Available |
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References |
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Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
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MSDS | T3D3723.pdf |
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General References | - Pestka JJ: Mechanisms of deoxynivalenol-induced gene expression and apoptosis. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2008 Sep;25(9):1128-40. [19238623 ]
- Nusuetrong P, Pengsuparp T, Meksuriyen D, Tanitsu M, Kikuchi H, Mizugaki M, Shimazu K, Oshima Y, Nakahata N, Yoshida M: Satratoxin H generates reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxides in PC12 cells. Biol Pharm Bull. 2008 Jun;31(6):1115-20. [18520041 ]
- Rocha O, Ansari K, Doohan FM: Effects of trichothecene mycotoxins on eukaryotic cells: a review. Food Addit Contam. 2005 Apr;22(4):369-78. [16019807 ]
- Bae HK, Pestka JJ: Deoxynivalenol induces p38 interaction with the ribosome in monocytes and macrophages. Toxicol Sci. 2008 Sep;105(1):59-66. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn102. Epub 2008 May 22. [18502741 ]
- Peraica M, Domijan AM: Contamination of food with mycotoxins and human health. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 2001 Mar;52(1):23-35. [11370295 ]
- Grond S, Sablotzki A: Clinical pharmacology of tramadol. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2004;43(13):879-923. [15509185 ]
- Rumack BH POISINDEX(R) Information System Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2010; CCIS Volume 143, edition expires Feb, 2010. Hall AH & Rumack BH (Eds): TOMES(R) Information System Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2010; CCIS Volume 143, edition expires Feb, 2010.
- WHO; Environ Health Criteria 105: Selected Mycotoxins: Ochratoxins, Trichothecenes, Ergot (1990). [Link]
- Wikipedia. Trichothecene. Last Updated 30 March 2010. [Link]
- Wannemacher, R.W. JR., and Wiener, S.L. (1997). Chapter 34: Trichothecene Mycotoxins. In R. Zajtchuk (Ed.), Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. Maryland: Office of The Surgeon General. [Link]
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Gene Regulation |
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Up-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
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Down-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
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