| Record Information |
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| Version | 2.0 |
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| Creation Date | 2009-08-12 20:06:39 UTC |
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| Update Date | 2014-12-24 20:26:11 UTC |
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| Accession Number | T3D3584 |
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| Identification |
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| Common Name | Botulinum neurotoxin type G |
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| Class | Protein |
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| Description | Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Though it is the most toxic protein known, it may be used in minute doses to treat muscle spasms and in cosmetic treatment, under the brand name Botox. (1) |
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| Compound Type | - Amide
- Amine
- Bacterial Toxin
- Natural Compound
- Organic Compound
- Protein
- Shigella Toxin
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| Protein Structure |  |
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| Synonyms | | Synonym | | BoNT/G | | Bontoxilysin-G |
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| Chemical Formula | Not Available |
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| Average Molecular Mass | 149033.235 g/mol |
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| CAS Registry Number | Not Available |
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| Sequence | Not Available |
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| Chemical Taxonomy |
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| Description | Not Available |
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| Kingdom | Organic Compounds |
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| Super Class | Organic Acids |
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| Class | Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives |
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| Sub Class | Amino Acids, Peptides, and Analogues |
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| Direct Parent | Peptides |
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| Alternative Parents | Not Available |
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| Substituents | Not Available |
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| Molecular Framework | Not Available |
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| External Descriptors | Not Available |
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| Biological Properties |
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| Status | Detected and Not Quantified |
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| Origin | Exogenous |
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| Cellular Locations | Not Available |
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| Biofluid Locations | Not Available |
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| Tissue Locations | Not Available |
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| Pathways | Not Available |
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| Applications | Not Available |
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| Biological Roles | Not Available |
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| Chemical Roles | Not Available |
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| Physical Properties |
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| State | Liquid |
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| Appearance | Clear solution. |
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| Experimental Properties | | Property | Value |
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| Melting Point | Not Available | | Boiling Point | Not Available | | Solubility | >10 mg/mL | | LogP | Not Available |
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| Predicted Properties | Not Available |
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| Spectra |
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| Spectra | | Spectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | View |
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| Toxicity Profile |
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| Route of Exposure | Ingestion, inhalation, dermal contact (if access to bloodstream). (2) |
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| Mechanism of Toxicity | Botulinum toxin is a two-chain polypeptide with a 100-kDa heavy chain joined by a disulfide bond to a 50-kDa light chain. Following the attachment of the toxin heavy chain to proteins on the surface of axon terminals, the toxin can be taken into neurons by endocytosis. The light chain is able to cleave endocytotic vesicles and reach the cytoplasm. The light chain has protease activity and proteolytically degrades the SNAP-25 protein at neuromuscular junctions, preventing vesicles from anchoring to the membrane to release acetylcholine. By inhibiting acetylcholine release, the toxin interferes with nerve impulses and causes flaccid (sagging) paralysis of muscles. (1) |
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| Metabolism | Free toxin may be removed by opsonization via the reticuloendothelial system (primarily the liver and kidneys) or it may be degraded through cellular internalization via the lysosomes. Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of digestive enzymes, including several proteases. |
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| Toxicity Values | Not Available |
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| Lethal Dose | 1 nanogram/kg for an adult human. (1) |
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| Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) | No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). |
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| Uses/Sources | Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Though it is the most toxic protein known, it may be used in minute doses to treat muscle spasms and in cosmetic treatment, under the brand name Botox. (1) |
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| Minimum Risk Level | Not Available |
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| Health Effects | Botulinum toxin is an extremely potent neurotoxin that causes paralysis. Death may result from respiratory failure following paralysis of the respiratory muscles. (1) |
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| Symptoms | Adverse effects from the cosmetic use of botulinum toxin include headaches, focal facial paralysis, muscle weakness, dysphagia, flu-like syndromes, and allergic reactions. (1) |
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| Treatment | Treatment consists of antitoxin administration and artificial ventilation until the neurotoxins are excreted or metabolised. The two primary botulinum antitoxins are Trivalent (A,B,E) Botulinum Antitoxin and Heptavalent (A,B,C,D,E,F,G) Botulinum Antitoxin. (1) |
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| Normal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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| Abnormal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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| External Links |
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| DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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| HMDB ID | Not Available |
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| PubChem Compound ID | Not Available |
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| ChEMBL ID | Not Available |
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| ChemSpider ID | Not Available |
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| KEGG ID | Not Available |
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| UniProt ID | Q60393 |
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| OMIM ID | |
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| ChEBI ID | Not Available |
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| BioCyc ID | Not Available |
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| CTD ID | Not Available |
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| Stitch ID | Botulinum neurotoxin |
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| PDB ID | 1ZB7 |
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| ACToR ID | Not Available |
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| Wikipedia Link | Not Available |
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| References |
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| Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
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| MSDS | Not Available |
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| General References | - Wikipedia. Botulinum toxin. Last Updated 12 August 2009. [Link]
- Wikipedia. Bacterial toxin. Last Updated 27 February 2009. [Link]
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| Gene Regulation |
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| Up-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
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| Down-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
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