Stonustoxin (T3D2647)

IdentificationTaxonomyBiological PropertiesPhysical PropertiesToxicity ProfileSpectraConcentrationsLinksReferencesGene RegulationXML
Record Information
Version2.0
Creation Date2009-07-06 21:35:53 UTC
Update Date2014-12-24 20:25:48 UTC
Accession NumberT3D2647
Identification
Common NameStonustoxin
ClassProtein
DescriptionStonustoxin is a peptide toxin found in the venom of the Estuarine stonefish (Synanceia horrida). They are the most venomous known fish in the world. (2, 1)
Compound Type
  • Amide
  • Amine
  • Animal Toxin
  • Marine Toxin
  • Natural Compound
  • Organic Compound
  • Protein
Protein StructureNo structure small
Synonyms
Synonym
SNTX
Stonustoxin subunit alpha
Stonustoxin subunit beta
Chemical FormulaNot Available
Average Molecular Mass79523.640 g/mol
CAS Registry NumberNot Available
SequenceNot Available
Chemical Taxonomy
DescriptionNot Available
KingdomOrganic Compounds
Super ClassOrganic Acids
ClassCarboxylic Acids and Derivatives
Sub ClassAmino Acids, Peptides, and Analogues
Direct ParentPeptides
Alternative ParentsNot Available
SubstituentsNot Available
Molecular FrameworkNot Available
External DescriptorsNot Available
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginExogenous
Cellular LocationsNot Available
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
PathwaysNot Available
ApplicationsNot Available
Biological RolesNot Available
Chemical RolesNot Available
Physical Properties
StateLiquid
AppearanceClear solution.
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting PointNot Available
Boiling PointNot Available
Solubility>10 mg/mL
LogPNot Available
Predicted PropertiesNot Available
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateView
Toxicity Profile
Route of ExposureInjection (sting/bite) (3)
Mechanism of ToxicityStonustoxin induces hemolytic activities due to its ability to form pores in the cell membrane. It is also myotoxic and interferes irreversibly with neuromuscular function. (1)
MetabolismFree toxin may be removed by opsonization via the reticuloendothelial system (primarily the liver and kidneys) or it may be degraded through cellular internalization via the lysosomes. Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of digestive enzymes, including several proteases.
Toxicity ValuesNot Available
Lethal DoseNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Uses/SourcesStonustoxin is a peptide toxin found in the venom of the Estuarine stonefish (Synanceia horrida). (2, 1)
Minimum Risk LevelNot Available
Health EffectsStonefish venom is hemolytic, neurotoxic, and cardiotoxin, and can be fatal if untreated. Surviving victims often suffer localized nerve damage occasionally leading to atrophy of adjoining muscle tissues.(2)
SymptomsStonefish venom causes severe pain with possible shock, paralysis, and tissue death. (2)
TreatmentTreatment of stonefish venom immersion of the affected limb in hot water to denature the protein. Local anaesthetic may be administered for pain relief. There is also an available antivenom. (2)
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
DrugBank IDNot Available
HMDB IDNot Available
PubChem Compound IDNot Available
ChEMBL IDNot Available
ChemSpider IDNot Available
KEGG IDNot Available
UniProt IDQ98989
OMIM ID
ChEBI IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
CTD IDNot Available
Stitch IDStonustoxin
PDB IDNot Available
ACToR IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
MSDSNot Available
General References
  1. The UniProt Consortium. The Universal Protein Resource (UniProt) Nucleic Acids Res. 2008;36:D190-D195.
  2. Wikipedia. Synanceia verrucosa. Last Updated 10 June 2009. [Link]
  3. Wikipedia. Mollusca. Last Updated 5 August 2009. [Link]
Gene Regulation
Up-Regulated GenesNot Available
Down-Regulated GenesNot Available