| Record Information |
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| Version | 2.0 |
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| Creation Date | 2009-07-06 21:35:29 UTC |
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| Update Date | 2014-12-24 20:25:47 UTC |
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| Accession Number | T3D2627 |
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| Identification |
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| Common Name | mu-Agatoxin |
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| Class | Protein |
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| Description | Agatoxins are a class of chemically diverse polyamine and peptide toxins which are isolated from the venom of various spiders, in particular the North American funnel-web spider (Agelenopsis aperta), after which agatoxins are named. mu-Agatoxins are C-terminally amidated peptides that consist of 35-37 amino acids and are constrained by four intramolecular disulfide bonds. They modify presynaptic voltage-activated sodium channels in the neuromuscular joints of insects. (1) |
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| Compound Type | - Amide
- Amine
- Animal Toxin
- Natural Compound
- Organic Compound
- Protein
- Spider Toxin
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| Protein Structure |  |
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| Synonyms | | Synonym | | m-Agatoxin | | Mu-agatoxin I | | Mu-agatoxin-1 | | Mu-agatoxin-Aa1a | | Mu-AGTX-Aa1a |
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| Chemical Formula | Not Available |
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| Average Molecular Mass | 4272.715 g/mol |
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| CAS Registry Number | 120500-28-9 |
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| Sequence | Not Available |
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| Chemical Taxonomy |
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| Description | Not Available |
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| Kingdom | Organic Compounds |
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| Super Class | Organic Acids |
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| Class | Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives |
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| Sub Class | Amino Acids, Peptides, and Analogues |
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| Direct Parent | Peptides |
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| Alternative Parents | Not Available |
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| Substituents | Not Available |
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| Molecular Framework | Not Available |
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| External Descriptors | Not Available |
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| Biological Properties |
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| Status | Detected and Not Quantified |
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| Origin | Exogenous |
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| Cellular Locations | Not Available |
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| Biofluid Locations | Not Available |
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| Tissue Locations | Not Available |
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| Pathways | Not Available |
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| Applications | Not Available |
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| Biological Roles | Not Available |
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| Chemical Roles | Not Available |
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| Physical Properties |
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| State | Liquid |
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| Appearance | Clear solution. |
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| Experimental Properties | | Property | Value |
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| Melting Point | Not Available | | Boiling Point | Not Available | | Solubility | >10 mg/mL | | LogP | Not Available |
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| Predicted Properties | Not Available |
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| Spectra |
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| Spectra | | Spectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | View |
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| Toxicity Profile |
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| Route of Exposure | Injection (sting/bite) (3) |
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| Mechanism of Toxicity | mu-Agatoxins modify presynaptic voltage-activated sodium channels in the neuromuscular joints of insects. Modifying sodium channels leads to an increased sensitivity of these channels, resulting in increased frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents, neurotransmitter release, and repetitive action potentials of motor neurons. (1) |
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| Metabolism | Free toxin may be removed by opsonization via the reticuloendothelial system (primarily the liver and kidneys) or it may be degraded through cellular internalization via the lysosomes. Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of digestive enzymes, including several proteases. |
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| Toxicity Values | Not Available |
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| Lethal Dose | Not Available |
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| Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) | No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). |
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| Uses/Sources | Agatoxins are a class of chemically diverse polyamine and peptide toxins which are isolated from the venom of various spiders, in particular the North American funnel-web spider (Agelenopsis aperta). (1) |
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| Minimum Risk Level | Not Available |
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| Health Effects | mu-Agatoxin causes a slow long-lasting paralysis. Death can result from progressive hypotension or possibly raised intracranial pressure resulting from cerebral oedema. (2, 1) |
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| Symptoms | The bites of funnel-web spiders may cause tingling around the mouth and tongue, facial muscle twitching, nausea, vomiting, profuse sweating, salivation, and shortness of breath. Patients may also rapidly develop agitation, confusion and coma associated with hypertension, metabolic acidosis, dilation of the pupils, generalised muscle twitching and pulmonary oedema. (2) |
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| Treatment | First aid for funnel-web bites consists of applying a pressure immobilization bandage to slow venom movement. Further supportive care may be necessary, but the mainstay of treatment is antivenom. (2) |
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| Normal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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| Abnormal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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| External Links |
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| DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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| HMDB ID | Not Available |
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| PubChem Compound ID | Not Available |
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| ChEMBL ID | Not Available |
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| ChemSpider ID | Not Available |
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| KEGG ID | Not Available |
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| UniProt ID | P11057 |
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| OMIM ID | |
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| ChEBI ID | Not Available |
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| BioCyc ID | Not Available |
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| CTD ID | Not Available |
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| Stitch ID | Agatoxin |
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| PDB ID | 1EIT |
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| ACToR ID | Not Available |
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| Wikipedia Link | Not Available |
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| References |
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| Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
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| MSDS | Not Available |
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| General References | - Wikipedia. Agatoxin. Last Updated 28 March 2009. [Link]
- Wikipedia. Australian funnel-web spider. Last Updated 6 July 2009. [Link]
- Wikipedia. Spider toxin. Last Updated 9 January 2009. [Link]
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| Gene Regulation |
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| Up-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
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| Down-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
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