| Record Information |
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| Version | 2.0 |
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| Creation Date | 2009-07-06 18:11:31 UTC |
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| Update Date | 2014-12-24 20:25:46 UTC |
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| Accession Number | T3D2610 |
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| Identification |
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| Common Name | Alpha-hemolysin |
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| Class | Protein |
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| Description | Alpha-hemolysin is the major cytotoxic agent released by bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. (2) |
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| Compound Type | - Amide
- Amine
- Bacterial Toxin
- Natural Compound
- Organic Compound
- Protein
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| Protein Structure |  |
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| Synonyms | | Synonym | | a-Hemolysin | | a-HL | | Alpha-HL | | Alpha-toxin |
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| Chemical Formula | Not Available |
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| Average Molecular Mass | 35904.070 g/mol |
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| CAS Registry Number | 94716-94-6 |
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| Sequence | Not Available |
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| Chemical Taxonomy |
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| Description | Not Available |
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| Kingdom | Organic Compounds |
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| Super Class | Organic Acids |
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| Class | Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives |
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| Sub Class | Amino Acids, Peptides, and Analogues |
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| Direct Parent | Peptides |
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| Alternative Parents | Not Available |
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| Substituents | Not Available |
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| Molecular Framework | Not Available |
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| External Descriptors | Not Available |
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| Biological Properties |
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| Status | Detected and Not Quantified |
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| Origin | Exogenous |
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| Cellular Locations | Not Available |
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| Biofluid Locations | Not Available |
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| Tissue Locations | Not Available |
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| Pathways | Not Available |
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| Applications | Not Available |
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| Biological Roles | Not Available |
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| Chemical Roles | Not Available |
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| Physical Properties |
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| State | Liquid |
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| Appearance | Clear solution. |
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| Experimental Properties | | Property | Value |
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| Melting Point | Not Available | | Boiling Point | Not Available | | Solubility | >10 mg/mL | | LogP | Not Available |
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| Predicted Properties | Not Available |
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| Spectra |
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| Spectra | | Spectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | View |
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| Toxicity Profile |
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| Route of Exposure | Ingestion (4) ; inhalation (4) ; dermal (4) |
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| Mechanism of Toxicity | Alpha-hemolysin consists mainly of beta-sheets forms heptameric units on the cellular membrane, producing a complete beta-barrel pore. This pore allows the exchange of monovalent ions, resulting in DNA fragmentation and eventually apoptosis. (2) |
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| Metabolism | Free toxin may be removed by opsonization via the reticuloendothelial system (primarily the liver and kidneys) or it may be degraded through cellular internalization via the lysosomes. Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of digestive enzymes, including several proteases. |
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| Toxicity Values | LD50: 40-60 ng/kg (Intravenous, Mouse) (1) |
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| Lethal Dose | Not Available |
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| Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) | No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). |
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| Uses/Sources | Alpha-hemolysin is the major cytotoxic agent released by bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. (2) |
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| Minimum Risk Level | Not Available |
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| Health Effects | Alpha-toxin is a potent cytotoxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of staph infections. It can also cause a range of illnesses from minor skin infections, such as pimples, impetigo, boils, cellulitis folliculitis, carbuncles, scalded skin syndrome, and abscesses, to life-threatening diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, Toxic shock syndrome (TSS), and septicemia. (2, 3) |
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| Symptoms | Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of staph infections. It can also cause a range of illnesses from minor skin infections, such as pimples, impetigo, boils, cellulitis folliculitis, carbuncles, scalded skin syndrome, and abscesses, to life-threatening diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, Toxic shock syndrome (TSS), and septicemia. (2, 3) |
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| Treatment | The treatment of choice for S. aureus infection is penicillin, but in most countries, penicillin-resistance is extremely common and first-line therapy is most commonly a penicillinase-resistant penicillin (for example, oxacillin or flucloxacillin). Combination therapy with gentamicin may be used to treat serious infections like endocarditis, but its use is controversial because of the high risk of damage to the kidneys. The duration of treatment depends on the site of infection and on severity. (3) |
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| Normal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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| Abnormal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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| External Links |
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| DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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| HMDB ID | Not Available |
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| PubChem Compound ID | Not Available |
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| ChEMBL ID | Not Available |
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| ChemSpider ID | Not Available |
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| KEGG ID | Not Available |
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| UniProt ID | P09616 |
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| OMIM ID | |
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| ChEBI ID | Not Available |
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| BioCyc ID | Not Available |
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| CTD ID | Not Available |
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| Stitch ID | Alpha-hemolysin |
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| PDB ID | 3M2L |
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| ACToR ID | Not Available |
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| Wikipedia Link | Not Available |
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| References |
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| Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
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| MSDS | T3D2610.pdf |
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| General References | - Gill DM: Bacterial toxins: a table of lethal amounts. Microbiol Rev. 1982 Mar;46(1):86-94. [6806598 ]
- Wikipedia. Staphylococcus aureus alpha toxin. Last Updated 1 June 2009. [Link]
- Wikipedia. Staphylococcus aureus. Last Updated 10 August 2009. [Link]
- Wikipedia. Bacterial toxin. Last Updated 27 February 2009. [Link]
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| Gene Regulation |
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| Up-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
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| Down-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
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