Alpha-toxin (Clostridium perfringens) (T3D2599)

IdentificationTaxonomyBiological PropertiesPhysical PropertiesToxicity ProfileSpectraConcentrationsLinksReferencesGene RegulationTargets (1)XML
Targets (1)
Record Information
Version2.0
Creation Date2009-07-06 18:11:26 UTC
Update Date2014-12-24 20:25:45 UTC
Accession NumberT3D2599
Identification
Common NameAlpha-toxin (Clostridium perfringens)
ClassProtein
DescriptionClostridium perfringens alpha toxin is a toxin produced by Clostridium perfringens. It exhibits a phospholipase C (PLC) and sphingomyelinase activity. Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin is responsible for gas gangrene and myonecrosis in infected tissues. It also possesses hemolytic activity. (4)
Compound Type
  • Amide
  • Amine
  • Bacterial Toxin
  • Natural Compound
  • Organic Compound
  • Protein
Protein StructureT3d2599
Synonyms
Synonym
Alpha-toxin
Hemolysin
Lecithinase
Phosphatidylcholine cholinephosphohydrolase
Phospholipase C
PLC
Chemical FormulaNot Available
Average Molecular Mass45529.285 g/mol
CAS Registry NumberNot Available
SequenceNot Available
Chemical Taxonomy
DescriptionNot Available
KingdomOrganic Compounds
Super ClassOrganic Acids
ClassCarboxylic Acids and Derivatives
Sub ClassAmino Acids, Peptides, and Analogues
Direct ParentPeptides
Alternative ParentsNot Available
SubstituentsNot Available
Molecular FrameworkNot Available
External DescriptorsNot Available
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginExogenous
Cellular LocationsNot Available
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
PathwaysNot Available
ApplicationsNot Available
Biological RolesNot Available
Chemical RolesNot Available
Physical Properties
StateLiquid
AppearanceClear solution.
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting PointNot Available
Boiling PointNot Available
Solubility>10 mg/mL
LogPNot Available
Predicted PropertiesNot Available
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateView
Toxicity Profile
Route of ExposureIngestion (5) ; inhalation (5) ; dermal (5)
Mechanism of ToxicityClostridium perfringens alpha toxin is a zinc metallophospholipase requiring zinc for activation. The C-terminal C2-like PLAT domain binds calcium and allows the toxin to bind to the phospholipid head-groups on the cell surface. The C-terminal domain enters the phospholipid bilayer. The N-terminal domain has phospholipase activity. This property allows hydrolysis of phospholipids such as phosphatidyl choline, mimicking endogenous phospholipase C. The hydrolysis of phosphatidyl choline produces diacylglycerol which activates a variety of second messenger pathways. The end result includes activation of arachidonic acid pathway and production of thromboxane A2, production of IL-8, platelet-activating factor, and several intercellular adhesion molecules. These actions combine to cause edema due to increased vascular permeability. (4)
MetabolismFree toxin may be removed by opsonization via the reticuloendothelial system (primarily the liver and kidneys) or it may be degraded through cellular internalization via the lysosomes. Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of digestive enzymes, including several proteases.
Toxicity ValuesLD50: 3 ug/kg (Intravenous, Mouse) (1)
Lethal DoseNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Uses/SourcesClostridium perfringens alpha toxin is a toxin produced by Clostridium perfringens. (4)
Minimum Risk LevelNot Available
Health EffectsClostridium perfringens alpha toxin is responsible for gas gangrene and myonecrosis in infected tissues. It also possesses hemolytic activity. (4)
SymptomsIngestion of Clostridium perfringens causes food poisoning characterized by colic, diarrhoea and sometimes nausea. Infections show evidence of tissue necrosis, bacteremia, emphysematous cholecystitis, and gas gangrene, which is also known as clostridial myonecrosis. (3)
TreatmentClostridium perfringens infections can be treated with antibiotics. (3)
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
DrugBank IDNot Available
HMDB IDNot Available
PubChem Compound IDNot Available
ChEMBL IDNot Available
ChemSpider IDNot Available
KEGG IDNot Available
UniProt IDP0C216
OMIM ID
ChEBI IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
CTD IDNot Available
Stitch IDAlpha Toxin
PDB ID1CA1
ACToR IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkClostridium_perfringens_alpha_toxin
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
MSDSNot Available
General References
  1. Gill DM: Bacterial toxins: a table of lethal amounts. Microbiol Rev. 1982 Mar;46(1):86-94. [6806598 ]
  2. Needleman HL, Schell A, Bellinger D, Leviton A, Allred EN: The long-term effects of exposure to low doses of lead in childhood. An 11-year follow-up report. N Engl J Med. 1990 Jan 11;322(2):83-8. [2294437 ]
  3. Wikipedia. Clostridium perfringens. Last Updated 10 August 2009. [Link]
  4. Wikipedia. Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin. Last Updated 9 March 2009. [Link]
  5. Wikipedia. Bacterial toxin. Last Updated 27 February 2009. [Link]
Gene Regulation
Up-Regulated GenesNot Available
Down-Regulated GenesNot Available

Targets

Target Details
1. Choline/ethanolaminephosphotransferase 1
General Function:
Metal ion binding
Specific Function:
Catalyzes both phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis from CDP-choline and CDP-ethanolamine, respectively. Involved in protein-dependent process of phospholipid transport to distribute phosphatidyl choline to the lumenal surface. Has a higher cholinephosphotransferase activity than ethanolaminephosphotransferase activity.
Gene Name:
CEPT1
Uniprot ID:
Q9Y6K0
Molecular Weight:
46553.135 Da
References
  1. Needleman HL, Schell A, Bellinger D, Leviton A, Allred EN: The long-term effects of exposure to low doses of lead in childhood. An 11-year follow-up report. N Engl J Med. 1990 Jan 11;322(2):83-8. [2294437 ]
  2. Wikipedia. Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin. Last Updated 9 March 2009. [Link]