| Record Information |
|---|
| Version | 2.0 |
|---|
| Creation Date | 2009-06-22 16:08:29 UTC |
|---|
| Update Date | 2014-12-24 20:24:31 UTC |
|---|
| Accession Number | T3D1716 |
|---|
| Identification |
|---|
| Common Name | Potassium bromate |
|---|
| Class | Small Molecule |
|---|
| Description | Potassium bromate is a chemical compound of potassium and bromine. It may be used as a flour improver, strengthening the dough and allowing higher rising, as well as in the production of malt barley. However, its use in food products in now banned in most countries. Bromine is a halogen element with the symbol Br and atomic number 35. Diatomic bromine does not occur naturally, but bromine salts can be found in crustal rock. (5, 8) |
|---|
| Compound Type | - Bromate Compound
- Food Toxin
- Industrial/Workplace Toxin
- Inorganic Compound
- Synthetic Compound
|
|---|
| Chemical Structure | |
|---|
| Synonyms | | Synonym | | Bromic acid, potassium salt | | e924 | | Potassium bromic acid | | Potassium trioxobromate |
|
|---|
| Chemical Formula | BrKO3 |
|---|
| Average Molecular Mass | 167.001 g/mol |
|---|
| Monoisotopic Mass | 165.867 g/mol |
|---|
| CAS Registry Number | 7758-01-2 |
|---|
| IUPAC Name | potassium bromate |
|---|
| Traditional Name | potassium bromate |
|---|
| SMILES | [K+].[O-][Br](=O)=O |
|---|
| InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/BrHO3.K/c2-1(3)4;/h(H,2,3,4);/q;+1/p-1 |
|---|
| InChI Key | InChIKey=OCATYIAKPYKMPG-UHFFFAOYSA-M |
|---|
| Chemical Taxonomy |
|---|
| Description | belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as alkali metal bromates. These are inorganic compounds in which the largest oxoanion is bromate, and in which the heaviest atom not in an oxoanion is an alkali metal. |
|---|
| Kingdom | Inorganic compounds |
|---|
| Super Class | Mixed metal/non-metal compounds |
|---|
| Class | Alkali metal oxoanionic compounds |
|---|
| Sub Class | Alkali metal bromates |
|---|
| Direct Parent | Alkali metal bromates |
|---|
| Alternative Parents | |
|---|
| Substituents | - Alkali metal bromate
- Inorganic oxide
- Inorganic salt
|
|---|
| Molecular Framework | Not Available |
|---|
| External Descriptors | |
|---|
| Biological Properties |
|---|
| Status | Detected and Not Quantified |
|---|
| Origin | Exogenous |
|---|
| Cellular Locations | |
|---|
| Biofluid Locations | Not Available |
|---|
| Tissue Locations | Not Available |
|---|
| Pathways | Not Available |
|---|
| Applications | |
|---|
| Biological Roles | |
|---|
| Chemical Roles | Not Available |
|---|
| Physical Properties |
|---|
| State | Solid |
|---|
| Appearance | White powder. |
|---|
| Experimental Properties | | Property | Value |
|---|
| Melting Point | 350°C | | Boiling Point | Not Available | | Solubility | 69 mg/mL at 20°C [DAGANI,MJ et al. (1985)] | | LogP | Not Available |
|
|---|
| Predicted Properties | |
|---|
| Spectra |
|---|
| Spectra | Not Available |
|---|
| Toxicity Profile |
|---|
| Route of Exposure | Oral (10) ; inhalation (10) ; dermal (10) |
|---|
| Mechanism of Toxicity | Bromine is a powerful oxidizing agent and is able to release oxygen free radicals from the water in mucous membranes. These free radicals are also potent oxidizers and produce tissue damage. In additon, the formation of hydrobromic and bromic acids will result in secondary irritation. The bromide ion is also known to affect the central nervous system, causing bromism. This is believed to be a result of bromide ions substituting for chloride ions in the in actions of neurotransmitters and transport systems, thus affecting numerous synaptic processes. (6, 7, 1) |
|---|
| Metabolism | Bromine is mainly absorbed via inhalation, but may also enter the body through dermal contact. Bromine salts can be ingested. Due to its reactivity, bromine quickly forms bromide and may be deposited in the tissues, displacing other halogens. (6) |
|---|
| Toxicity Values | LD50: 321 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (2)
LD50: 177 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Mouse) (2) |
|---|
| Lethal Dose | Not Available |
|---|
| Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) | 2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans. (4) |
|---|
| Uses/Sources | Potassium bromate may be used as a flour improver, strengthening the dough and allowing higher rising, as well as in the production of malt barley. However, its use in food products in now banned in most countries. (8) |
|---|
| Minimum Risk Level | Not Available |
|---|
| Health Effects | Bromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Elemental bromine also burns the skin. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant and chronic exposure produces neuronal effects. This is called bromism and can result in central reactions reaching from somnolence to coma, cachexia, exicosis, loss of reflexes or pathologic reflexes, clonic seizures, tremor, ataxia, loss of neural sensitivity, paresis, papillar edema of the eyes, abnormal speech, cerebral edema, delirium, aggressiveness, and psychoses. Bromate is also a potential carcinogen. (5, 6, 7, 9) |
|---|
| Symptoms | Bromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Symptoms include lacrimation, rhinorrhoea, eye irritation with mucous secretions from the oropharyngeal and upper airways, coughing, dyspnoea, choking, wheezing, epistaxis, and headache. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant producing ataxia, slurred speech, tremor, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, dizziness, visual disturbances, unsteadiness, headaches, impaired memory and concentration, disorientation and hallucinations. This is called bromism. (6, 7) |
|---|
| Treatment | EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water.
INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice.
SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention.
INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration. |
|---|
| Normal Concentrations |
|---|
| Not Available |
|---|
| Abnormal Concentrations |
|---|
| Not Available |
|---|
| External Links |
|---|
| DrugBank ID | Not Available |
|---|
| HMDB ID | Not Available |
|---|
| PubChem Compound ID | 289509 |
|---|
| ChEMBL ID | Not Available |
|---|
| ChemSpider ID | Not Available |
|---|
| KEGG ID | Not Available |
|---|
| UniProt ID | Not Available |
|---|
| OMIM ID | |
|---|
| ChEBI ID | Not Available |
|---|
| BioCyc ID | Not Available |
|---|
| CTD ID | Not Available |
|---|
| Stitch ID | Potassium bromate |
|---|
| PDB ID | Not Available |
|---|
| ACToR ID | Not Available |
|---|
| Wikipedia Link | Not Available |
|---|
| References |
|---|
| Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
|---|
| MSDS | T3D1716.pdf |
|---|
| General References | - Ziouzenkova O, Orasanu G, Sharlach M, Akiyama TE, Berger JP, Viereck J, Hamilton JA, Tang G, Dolnikowski GG, Vogel S, Duester G, Plutzky J: Retinaldehyde represses adipogenesis and diet-induced obesity. Nat Med. 2007 Jun;13(6):695-702. Epub 2007 May 27. [17529981 ]
- Lewis RJ (1996). Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
- Golomb, BA (1999). A Review of the Scientific Literature As It Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses. Volume 2: Pyridostigmine Bromide. Washington, DC: RAND.
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (2014). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. [Link]
- Wikipedia. Bromine. Last Updated 9 June 2009. [Link]
- International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) INCHEM (1992). Poison Information Monograph for Bromine. [Link]
- Wikipedia. Potassium bromide. Last Updated 9 June 2009. [Link]
- Wikipedia. Potassium bromate. Last Updated 25 May 2009. [Link]
- Wikipedia. Bromate. Last Updated 26 May 2009. [Link]
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2006). Toxicological profile for cyanide. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
|
|---|
| Gene Regulation |
|---|
| Up-Regulated Genes | | Gene | Gene Symbol | Gene ID | Interaction | Chromosome | Details |
|---|
|
|---|
| Down-Regulated Genes | | Gene | Gene Symbol | Gene ID | Interaction | Chromosome | Details |
|---|
|
|---|
