Record Information |
---|
Version | 2.0 |
---|
Creation Date | 2009-06-19 21:58:53 UTC |
---|
Update Date | 2014-12-24 20:24:03 UTC |
---|
Accession Number | T3D1509 |
---|
Identification |
---|
Common Name | Aluminium(III) oxide |
---|
Class | Small Molecule |
---|
Description | Aluminium oxide is an oxide of aluminum that naturally occurs as the minerals corundum and is also produced by the Bayer process from bauxite. Its most significant use is in the production of aluminium metal, although it is also used as an abrasive due to its hardness and as a refractory material due to its high melting point. Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust and is always found combined with other elements such as oxygen, silicon, and fluorine. (5, 6, 7) |
---|
Compound Type | - Aluminum Compound
- Household Toxin
- Industrial/Workplace Toxin
- Inorganic Compound
- Synthetic Compound
|
---|
Chemical Structure | |
---|
Synonyms | Synonym | a-alumina trihydrate | a-ruvite | Aluminum oxide, dispersion | Aluminum oxide, mesoporous | Aluminum sesquioxide | Aluminum trioxide | Alumite (oxide) | Bauxite | Bikorit | Boileezers | Boiling stones | Borite | Borolon | Boxite | Brasivol | Brockmann, aluminum oxide | Cab-o-grip | Calcinated alumina | Calcined alumina | Carbo alumina | Carbo-corundum | Catapal s | Catapal SB alumina | Ceramic, alumina | Compalox | Conopal | Corolox | Corotox | Corowalt | Corubin | Corundite | Corundum | Crystalline aluminum oxide | Delta alumina | Diadur | Dialuminum trioxide | Dirubin | Dispal alumina | Dispal m | Dotment 324 | Dotment 358 | Dural | Dural F 30 | Dycron | Electrocorundum | Emery | Eta-alumina | Faserton | Fasertonerde | Fiber FP | Flame guard | Florite | Hydrated aluminum oxide | Hypalox II | Inhibitor removers | Italcor | Jubenon r | Ketjen b | KHP 2 | Korund | Lucalox | Ludox CL | MAFE | Maftec | Martipol | Martisorb | Martoxin | Marttisorb | Microgrit wca | MP 1 (Refractory) | Neobead c | Oxide, aluminum | Poraminar | Porocel | Porocel SRC | Portalum A 25 | PS 1 (Alumina) | Purdox | Q-Loid A 30 | RC 172DBM | Realox | Rewagit | REX | RUBY | Saffie | Saffil | Saphire | Sapphire | Selexsorb cos | Tabular alumina | Tealox | Theta alumina | Versal 150 |
|
---|
Chemical Formula | Al2O3 |
---|
Average Molecular Mass | 101.961 g/mol |
---|
Monoisotopic Mass | 101.948 g/mol |
---|
CAS Registry Number | 1344-28-1 |
---|
IUPAC Name | oxo[(oxoalumanyl)oxy]alumane |
---|
Traditional Name | aluminium oxide |
---|
SMILES | O=[Al]O[Al]=O |
---|
InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/2Al.3O |
---|
InChI Key | InChIKey=TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
---|
Chemical Taxonomy |
---|
Description | belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as miscellaneous aluminates. These are inorganic compounds in which the largest metallic oxoanion is aluminate, to which either no atom or a non metal atom is bonded. |
---|
Kingdom | Inorganic compounds |
---|
Super Class | Mixed metal/non-metal compounds |
---|
Class | Miscellaneous mixed metal/non-metals |
---|
Sub Class | Miscellaneous metallic oxoanionic compounds |
---|
Direct Parent | Miscellaneous aluminates |
---|
Alternative Parents | |
---|
Substituents | - Aluminate
- Inorganic oxide
- Inorganic salt
|
---|
Molecular Framework | Not Available |
---|
External Descriptors | Not Available |
---|
Biological Properties |
---|
Status | Detected and Not Quantified |
---|
Origin | Exogenous |
---|
Cellular Locations | |
---|
Biofluid Locations | Not Available |
---|
Tissue Locations | Not Available |
---|
Pathways | Not Available |
---|
Applications | Not Available |
---|
Biological Roles | Not Available |
---|
Chemical Roles | Not Available |
---|
Physical Properties |
---|
State | Solid |
---|
Appearance | White powder. |
---|
Experimental Properties | Property | Value |
---|
Melting Point | 2072°C [ 1 ] | Boiling Point | Not Available | Solubility | Not Available | LogP | Not Available |
|
---|
Predicted Properties | |
---|
Spectra |
---|
Spectra | Spectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | View |
---|
Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive | splash10-0udi-4900000000-a2b9626956192c37273e | 2019-02-22 | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive | splash10-114i-9600000000-561b805713d13580dab0 | 2019-02-22 | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive | splash10-0bt9-9000000000-0a12fe2a15fe791abc7a | 2019-02-22 | View Spectrum |
|
---|
Toxicity Profile |
---|
Route of Exposure | Oral (5) ; inhalation (5) |
---|
Mechanism of Toxicity | The main target organs of aluminum are the central nervous system and bone. Aluminum binds with dietary phosphorus and impairs gastrointestinal absorption of phosphorus. The decreased phosphate body burden results in osteomalacia (softening of the bones due to defective bone mineralization) and rickets. Aluminum's neurotoxicity is believed to involve several mechanisms. Changes in cytoskeletal protein functions as a results of altered phosphorylation, proteolysis, transport, and synthesis are believed to be one cause. Aluminum may induce neurobehavioral effects by affecting permeability of the blood-brain barrier, cholinergic activity, signal transduction pathways, lipid peroxidation, and impair neuronal glutamate nitric oxide-cyclic GMP pathway, as well as interfere with metabolism of essential trace elements because of similar coordination chemistries and consequent competitive interactions. It has been suggested that aluminum's interaction with estrogen receptors increases the expression of estrogen-related genes and thereby contributes to the progression of breast cancer (1), but studies have not been able to establish a clear link between aluminum and increased risk of breast cancer (3). Certain aluminum salts induce immune responses by activating inflammasomes. (5, 1, 2) |
---|
Metabolism | Aluminum is poorly absorbed following either oral or inhalation exposure and is essentially not absorbed dermally. The bioavailability of aluminum is strongly influenced by the aluminum compound and the presence of dietary constituents which can complex with aluminum and enhance or inhibit its absorption. Aluminum binds to various ligands in the blood and distributes to every organ, with highest concentrations found in bone and lung tissues. In living organisms, aluminum is believed to exist in four different forms: as free ions, as low-molecular-weight complexes, as physically bound macromolecular complexes, and as covalently bound macromolecular complexes. Absorbed aluminum is excreted principally in the urine and, to a lesser extent, in the bile, while unabsorbed aluminum is excreted in the faeces. (5) |
---|
Toxicity Values | Not Available |
---|
Lethal Dose | Not Available |
---|
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) | Not listed by IARC. IARC classified aluminum production as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), but did not implicate aluminum itself as a human carcinogen. (8) A link between use of aluminum-containing antiperspirants and increased risk of breast cancer has been proposed (1), but studies have not been able to establish a clear link (3). |
---|
Uses/Sources | Aluminium oxide's most significant use is in the production of aluminium metal, although it is also used as an abrasive due to its hardness and as a refractory material due to its high melting point. (7) |
---|
Minimum Risk Level | Intermediate Oral: 1.0 mg/kg/day (4)
Chronic Oral: 1.0 mg/kg/day (4) |
---|
Health Effects | Aluminum targets the nervous system and causes decreased nervous system performance and is associated with altered function of the blood-brain barrier. The accumulation of aluminum in the body may cause bone or brain diseases. High levels of aluminum have been linked to Alzheimer's disease. A small percentage of people are allergic to aluminium and experience contact dermatitis, digestive disorders, vomiting or other symptoms upon contact or ingestion of products containing aluminium. (5, 6) |
---|
Symptoms | Inhalating aluminum dust causes coughing and abnormal chest X-rays. A small percentage of people are allergic to aluminium and experience contact dermatitis, digestive disorders, vomiting or other symptoms upon contact or ingestion of products containing aluminium. (5, 6) |
---|
Treatment | EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water. INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice. SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention. INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration. |
---|
Normal Concentrations |
---|
| Not Available |
---|
Abnormal Concentrations |
---|
| Not Available |
---|
External Links |
---|
DrugBank ID | Not Available |
---|
HMDB ID | Not Available |
---|
PubChem Compound ID | 14769 |
---|
ChEMBL ID | Not Available |
---|
ChemSpider ID | 14086 |
---|
KEGG ID | Not Available |
---|
UniProt ID | Not Available |
---|
OMIM ID | |
---|
ChEBI ID | 30187 |
---|
BioCyc ID | Not Available |
---|
CTD ID | D000537 |
---|
Stitch ID | Aluminium(III) oxide |
---|
PDB ID | Not Available |
---|
ACToR ID | 15906 |
---|
Wikipedia Link | Not Available |
---|
References |
---|
Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
---|
MSDS | T3D1509.pdf |
---|
General References | - Darbre PD: Metalloestrogens: an emerging class of inorganic xenoestrogens with potential to add to the oestrogenic burden of the human breast. J Appl Toxicol. 2006 May-Jun;26(3):191-7. [16489580 ]
- Aimanianda V, Haensler J, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Kaveri SV, Bayry J: Novel cellular and molecular mechanisms of induction of immune responses by aluminum adjuvants. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2009 Jun;30(6):287-95. doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2009.03.005. Epub 2009 May 11. [19439372 ]
- Willhite CC, Karyakina NA, Yokel RA, Yenugadhati N, Wisniewski TM, Arnold IM, Momoli F, Krewski D: Systematic review of potential health risks posed by pharmaceutical, occupational and consumer exposures to metallic and nanoscale aluminum, aluminum oxides, aluminum hydroxide and its soluble salts. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2014 Oct;44 Suppl 4:1-80. doi: 10.3109/10408444.2014.934439. [25233067 ]
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2001). Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) for Hazardous Substances. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2008). Toxicological profile for aluminum. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- Wikipedia. Aluminium. Last Updated 16 June 2009. [Link]
- Wikipedia. Aluminium oxide. Last Updated 8 June 2009. [Link]
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (2014). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. [Link]
|
---|
Gene Regulation |
---|
Up-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
---|
Down-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
---|