Cesium-137 (T3D0213)

IdentificationTaxonomyBiological PropertiesPhysical PropertiesToxicity ProfileSpectraConcentrationsLinksReferencesGene RegulationTargets (1)XML
Targets (1)
Record Information
Version2.0
Creation Date2009-03-06 18:58:17 UTC
Update Date2014-12-24 20:21:20 UTC
Accession NumberT3D0213
Identification
Common NameCesium-137
ClassSmall Molecule
DescriptionCesium is the chemical element with the symbol Cs and atomic number 55. Cesium-137 is a radioactive isotope of cesium with a half-life of 30.07 years. It is produced from the detonation of nuclear weapons and is produced in nuclear power plants. Cesium-137 was released to the atmosphere most notably from the 1986 Chernobyl meltdown. It is commonly used as a gamma-emitter in industrial applications such as moisture and density gauges, leveling gauges, flow meters, and other sensor equipment. Cesium-137 is water-soluble and extremely toxic in minute amounts. (1, 2)
Compound Type
  • Industrial/Workplace Toxin
  • Inorganic Compound
  • Metal
  • Natural Compound
  • Pollutant
  • Radioactive
  • Radioactive Isotope
Chemical Structure
Thumb
MOLSDFPDBSMILESInChI
Synonyms
Synonym
(137)Cs
137Cs
Caesium-137
Cesium 137
Cesium, Isotope Of Mass 137
Chemical FormulaCs
Average Molecular Mass136.907 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass136.907 g/mol
CAS Registry Number10045-97-3
IUPAC Name(¹³⁷Cs)caesium
Traditional Name(¹³⁷Cs)caesium
SMILES[137Cs]
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/Cs/i1+4
InChI KeyInChIKey=TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-RNFDNDRNSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as alkali metal hydrides. These are inorganic hydride compounds in which the heaviest metal atom is an alkali metal.
KingdomInorganic compounds
Super ClassMixed metal/non-metal compounds
ClassAlkali metal organides
Sub ClassAlkali metal hydrides
Direct ParentAlkali metal hydrides
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Alkali metal hydride
  • Inorganic hydride
Molecular FrameworkNot Available
External DescriptorsNot Available
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginExogenous
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
PathwaysNot Available
ApplicationsNot Available
Biological RolesNot Available
Chemical RolesNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
AppearanceCesium is a silvery gold metal. It is liquid at room temperature. (2)
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting Point301.59°K (28.44°C, 83.19°F)
Boiling Point944 K (671 °C, 1240 °F)
SolubilityNot Available
LogPNot Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
logP0ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area0 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count0ChemAxon
Refractivity0 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability1.78 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Spectra
SpectraNot Available
Toxicity Profile
Route of ExposureOral (3) ; inhalation (3)
Mechanism of ToxicityHighly penetrating gamma rays are the major cause of damage to tissues and internal organs following external overexposure to radioactive cesium. Once radioactive cesium is taken internally, cells of nearby tissues are at highest risk for damage due to the emission of beta particles. The ionizing radiation produced by cesium-137 causes cellular damage that includes DNA breakage, accurate or inaccurate repair, apoptosis, gene mutations, chromosomal change, and genetic instability. This leads to loss of normal cell and tissue homeostasis, and development of malignancy. Ionizing radiation that does not directly damage DNA can produce reactive oxygen intermediates that directly affect the stability of p53, an important enzyme in cell-cycle regulation, and produce oxidative damage to individual bases in DNA and point mutations by mispairing during DNA replication. (4, 5)
MetabolismCesium can be absorbed following ingestion, inhalation, or dermal exposure. Cesium behaves in a manner similar to potassium and distributes uniformly throughout the body. Gastrointestinal absorption from food or water is the principal source of internally deposited cesium in the general population. Essentially all cesium that is ingested is absorbed into the bloodstream through the intestines. Cesium tends to concentrate in muscles because of their relatively large mass. Cesium has been shown to compete with potassium for transport through potassium channels and can also substitute for potassium in activation of the sodium pump and subsequent transport into the cell. Like potassium, cesium is excreted from the body fairly quickly, mainly in the urine. In an adult, 10% is excreted with a biological half-life of 2 days, and the rest leaves the body with a biological half-life of 110 days. This means that if someone is exposed to radioactive cesium and the source of exposure is removed, much of the cesium will readily clear the body along the normal pathways for potassium excretion within several months. (3, 5)
Toxicity ValuesNot Available
Lethal DoseNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)1, carcinogenic to humans. (8)
Uses/SourcesCesium-137 is produced from the detonation of nuclear weapons and is produced in nuclear power plants. Cesium-137 was released to the atmosphere most notably from the 1986 Chernobyl meltdown. It is commonly used as a gamma-emitter in industrial applications such as moisture and density gauges, leveling gauges, flow meters, and other sensor equipment. Cesium-137 is also used in brachytherapy to treat various types of cancer. (1, 3)
Minimum Risk LevelAcute Radiation: 4 mSv (7) Chronic Radiation: 1 mSv/yr (7)
Health EffectsCesium-137 presents external as well as internal health hazard, both from beta and gamma radiation. Cesium-137 is water-soluble and extremely toxic in minute amounts. The radioactivity of Cesium-137 can damage cells and cause cancer 10, 20 or 30 years from the time of ingestion, inhalation or absorption, provided sufficient material enters the body. Radioactive cesium overexposure can result in adverse effects such as reduced fertility, abnormal neurological development, genotoxicity, and damage to blood-forming organs(1, 3, 5)
SymptomsLarge amounts of cesium can cause hyperirritability and spasms. Exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation results in acute radiation syndrome, which can cause skin burns, hair loss, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, disorientation, low blood pressure, headache, fatigue, weakness, fever, birth defects, illness, infection, and death. (4, 6, 2, 5)
TreatmentTreatment reversing the effects of irradiation is currently not possible. Anaesthetics and antiemetics are administered to counter the symptoms of exposure, as well as antibiotics for countering secondary infections due to the resulting immune system deficiency. (6)
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
DrugBank IDNot Available
HMDB IDNot Available
PubChem Compound ID5486527
ChEMBL IDNot Available
ChemSpider ID4588952
KEGG IDNot Available
UniProt IDNot Available
OMIM ID
ChEBI IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
CTD IDNot Available
Stitch IDCesium-137
PDB IDNot Available
ACToR IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkCaesium-137
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
MSDST3D0213.pdf
General References
  1. Wikipedia. Caesium-137. Last Updated 15 June 2009. [Link]
  2. Wikipedia. Caesium. Last Updated 4 July 2009. [Link]
  3. Argonne National Laboratory, EVS (2005). Human Health Fact Sheet, Cesium. [Link]
  4. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1999). Toxicological profile for ionizing radiation. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
  5. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2004). Toxicological profile for caesium. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
  6. Wikipedia. Radiation poisoning. Last Updated 22 August 2009. [Link]
  7. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2001). Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) for Hazardous Substances. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
  8. International Agency for Research on Cancer (2014). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. [Link]
Gene Regulation
Up-Regulated GenesNot Available
Down-Regulated GenesNot Available

Targets

1. DNA
General Function:
Used for biological information storage.
Specific Function:
DNA contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce.
Molecular Weight:
2.15 x 1012 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1999). Toxicological profile for ionizing radiation. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]