Acetone (T3D0184)

IdentificationTaxonomyBiological PropertiesPhysical PropertiesToxicity ProfileSpectraConcentrationsLinksReferencesGene RegulationTargets (1)XML
Targets (1)
Record Information
Version2.0
Creation Date2009-03-06 18:58:14 UTC
Update Date2014-12-24 20:21:17 UTC
Accession NumberT3D0184
Identification
Common NameAcetone
ClassSmall Molecule
DescriptionAcetone is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis. Acetone is not regarded as a waste product of metabolism. However, its physiological role in biochemical machinery is not clear. A model for the role of acetone metabolism is presented that orders the events occurring in acetonemia in sequence: in diabetic ketosis or starvation, ketone body production (b-hydroxy-butyrate, acetoacetate) provides fuel for vital organs (heart, brain .) raising the chance of survival of the metabolic catastrophe. However, when ketone body production exceeds the degrading capacity, the accumulating acetoacetic acid presents a new challenge to the pH regulatory system. Acetone production and its further degradation to C3 fragments fulfill two purposes: the maintenance of pH buffering capacity and provision of fuel for peripheral tissues. Since ketosis develops under serious metabolic circumstances, all the mechanisms that balance or moderate the effects of ketosis enhance the chance for survival. From this point of view, the theory that transportable C3 fragments can serve as additional nutrients is a novel view of acetone metabolism which introduces a new approach to the study of acetone degradation, especially in understanding its physiological function and the interrelationship between liver and peripheral tissues. (2). Acetone is typically derived from acetoacetate through the action of microbial acetoacetate decarboxylases found in gut microflora. In chemistry, acetone is the simplest representative of the ketones. Acetone is a colorless, mobile, flammable liquid readily soluble in water, ethanol, ether, etc., and itself serves as an important solvent. Acetone is an irritant and inhalation may lead to hepatotoxic effects (causing liver damage).
Compound Type
  • Food Toxin
  • Household Toxin
  • Industrial Precursor/Intermediate
  • Industrial/Workplace Toxin
  • Ketone
  • Lachrymator
  • Metabolite
  • Natural Compound
  • Organic Compound
  • Solvent
Chemical Structure
Thumb
MOLSDFPDBSMILESInChI
Synonyms
Synonym
2-Ketopropane
2-Propanone
b-Ketopropane
beta-Ketopropane
Dimethyl formaldehyde
Dimethyl ketone
Dimethylformaldehyde
Methyl ketone
Propanone
Pyroacetic ether
Pyroacetic spirit
Chemical FormulaC3H6O
Average Molecular Mass58.079 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass58.042 g/mol
CAS Registry Number67-64-1
IUPAC Namepropan-2-one
Traditional Nameacetone
SMILESCC(C)=O
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/C3H6O/c1-3(2)4/h1-2H3
InChI KeyInChIKey=CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as ketones. These are organic compounds in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms R2C=O (neither R may be a hydrogen atom). Ketones that have one or more alpha-hydrogen atoms undergo keto-enol tautomerization, the tautomer being an enol.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic oxygen compounds
ClassOrganooxygen compounds
Sub ClassCarbonyl compounds
Direct ParentKetones
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Ketone
  • Organic oxide
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginEndogenous
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
  • Mitochondria
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue Locations
  • Adipose Tissue
  • Adrenal Gland
  • Bladder
  • Brain
  • Fibroblasts
  • Kidney
  • Liver
  • Myelin
  • Pancreas
  • Placenta
  • Skin
  • Stratum Corneum
  • Testes
  • Thyroid Gland
Pathways
NameSMPDB LinkKEGG Link
Ketone Body MetabolismSMP00071 map00072
Applications
Biological Roles
Chemical Roles
Physical Properties
StateLiquid
AppearanceNot Available
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting Point-94.8°C
Boiling Point56.2°C (133.2°F)
Solubility1000 mg/mL at 25°C
LogP-0.24
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility193 g/LALOGPS
logP-0.29ALOGPS
logP0.11ChemAxon
logS0.52ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)19.51ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-7.2ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area17.07 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count0ChemAxon
Refractivity16.19 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability6.41 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateView
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-052f-9000000000-14f33068e4ba092deb772017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-0006-9000000000-23fa1a3953b34b4d17db2017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-0006-9000000000-5de48058c986d7c07ac32017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-0002-9000000000-ac4e03d64a5d08cb0e2d2017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-052f-9000000000-14f33068e4ba092deb772018-05-18View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-0006-9000000000-23fa1a3953b34b4d17db2018-05-18View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-0006-9000000000-5de48058c986d7c07ac32018-05-18View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-0002-9000000000-ac4e03d64a5d08cb0e2d2018-05-18View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-052f-9000000000-bc353e3a40f83275872b2017-09-01View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-0a4i-9000000000-cbc26702df42f89389a42012-07-24View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-052f-9000000000-76023af14a12c4b19cf92012-07-24View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-0a4l-9000000000-4a0900faf782fa344db92012-07-24View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - EI-B (JEOL JMS-D-3000) , Positivesplash10-052f-9000000000-cd6003561b339cd9243f2012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - EI-B (HITACHI M-80B) , Positivesplash10-0006-9000000000-23fa1a3953b34b4d17db2012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - EI-B (HITACHI RMU-7M) , Positivesplash10-0006-9000000000-5de48058c986d7c07ac32012-08-31View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-0a4i-9000000000-31f47c962fee2ab518102015-04-24View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-0a4i-9000000000-29f0bd4f29c752b098b12015-04-24View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-0006-9000000000-44feb4a0693788e21f102015-04-24View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-0a4i-9000000000-e3c53a345dc69a6403f22015-04-25View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-0a4i-9000000000-786aa0674415a8c321822015-04-25View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-0a4i-9000000000-3bc848ca563aa39df37e2015-04-25View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-0a4i-9000000000-6e3379842f4da69e8e2b2021-09-24View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-0a4i-9000000000-6e3379842f4da69e8e2b2021-09-24View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-0a4i-9000000000-9251850c7854d63a048f2021-09-24View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-0a4i-9000000000-7d56b578e5d5ea65f9012021-09-24View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-0006-9000000000-f1d310daeae27abc76722021-09-24View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-0006-9000000000-3f1c663ba1bd7d0121722021-09-24View Spectrum
MSMass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)splash10-0006-9000000000-e24ae6a1f2f0e7aac3e72014-09-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 125 MHz, H2O, experimental)Not Available2012-12-04View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H2O, experimental)Not Available2012-12-04View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, CDCl3, experimental)Not Available2014-09-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 25.16 MHz, CDCl3, experimental)Not Available2014-09-23View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
2D NMR[1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)Not Available2012-12-05View Spectrum
Toxicity Profile
Route of ExposureInhalation (21) ; oral (21) ; dermal (21) ; eye contact (21)
Mechanism of ToxicitySince acetone is highly water soluble, it is readily taken up by the blood and widely distributed to body tissues. Acetone may interfere with the composition of the membranes, altering their permeability to ions. Systemically, acetone is moderately toxic to the liver and produces hematological effects. The renal toxicity may be due to the metabolite, formate, which is known to be nephrotoxic and is excreted by the kidneys. One of the major effects of acetone is the potentiation of the toxicity of other chemicals. Pretreatment with acetone has been shown to potentiate the hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride and chloroform by inducing particular forms of cytochrome P-450, especially cytochrome P-45OIIE1, and associated enzyme activities. (N004)
MetabolismThe metabolic fate of acetone is independent of route of administration and involves three separate gluconeogenic pathways, with ultimate incorporation of carbon atoms into glucose and other products and substrates of intermediary metabolism with generation of carbon dioxide. The primary (major) pathway involves hepatic metabolism of acetone to acetol and hepatic metabolism of acetol to methylglyoxal, while two secondary (minor) pathways are partially extrahepatic, involving the extrahepatic reduction of acetol to L-1,2-propanediol. Subsequent conversion of acetol to methylglyoxal in microsomes is catalyzed by acetol monooxygenase (also called acetol hydroxylase), an activity also associated with cytochrome P-450IIE1, and also requires oxygen and NADPH. Methylglyoxal can then be converted to D-glucose by an unidentified pathway, and/or possibly by catalysis by glyoxalase I and II and glutathione to D-lactate, which is converted to D-glucose. Some of exogenous acetone is unmetabolized and is excreted primarily in the expired air with little acetone excreted in urine. (N004)
Toxicity ValuesLD50: 2400 mg/kg/day (Oral, Mouse) (N004)
Lethal DoseNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)No indication of carcinogenicity (not listed by IARC). (20)
Uses/SourcesMost acetone produced is used to make other chemicals that make plastics, fibers, and drugs. Acetone is also used to dissolve other substances. Exposure may occur from breathing air, drinking water and eating food with acetone, and through dermal and eye contact. (N004)
Minimum Risk LevelAcute Inhalation: 26 ppm (N004) Intermediate Inhalation: 13 ppm (N004) Chronic Inhalation: 13 ppm (N004)
Health EffectsPulmonary congestion and edema can follow inhalation of acetone, which irritates the mucosa. Gastrointestinal hemorrhage caused by repeated vomiting of blood has been reported. Neurobehavioral effects, indicative of narcosis, sedation, respiratory depression, ataxia, paresthesia and renal lesions can also result from acetone poisoning. (N004, A578)
SymptomsSore throat, cough, confusion, headache, dizziness, drowsiness, and unconsciousness are some signs observed after acetone poisoning. Moreover, ingestion of the product can cause nausea and vomiting. Redness, pain, blurred vision as well as corneal damage can result from eye exposure. A dry skin can be the result of dermal contact. Irritation of the nose, throat, lungs, and eyes can also occur depending on the route of exposure. (21)
TreatmentFollowing oral exposure to acetone, consider insertion of a nasogastric tube to aspirate stomach contents only after recent, large acetone ingestions; symptomatic and supportive treatment is generally all that is required. Following inhalation exposure, move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids. Irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature water for at least 15 minutes in case of eye exposure to acetone. In case of dermal exposure, remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists. (18)
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
DrugBank IDNot Available
HMDB IDHMDB01659
PubChem Compound ID180
ChEMBL IDCHEMBL14253
ChemSpider ID175
KEGG IDC00207
UniProt IDNot Available
OMIM ID182270 , 240600
ChEBI ID15347
BioCyc ID1-ACYL-GLYCERONE-3-PHOSPHATE
CTD IDD000096
Stitch IDAcetone
PDB IDACN
ACToR ID1512
Wikipedia LinkAcetone
References
Synthesis ReferenceIshizaki, Fumiaki. Acetone and butanol fermentation. Baiomasu Handobukku (2002), 166-175.
MSDSLink
General References
  1. Iuliano L, Micheletta F, Maranghi M, Frati G, Diczfalusy U, Violi F: Bioavailability of vitamin E as function of food intake in healthy subjects: effects on plasma peroxide-scavenging activity and cholesterol-oxidation products. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001 Oct;21(10):E34-7. [11597949 ]
  2. Kalapos MP: Possible physiological roles of acetone metabolism in humans. Med Hypotheses. 1999 Sep;53(3):236-42. [10580530 ]
  3. Subramanian A, Gupta A, Saxena S, Gupta A, Kumar R, Nigam A, Kumar R, Mandal SK, Roy R: Proton MR CSF analysis and a new software as predictors for the differentiation of meningitis in children. NMR Biomed. 2005 Jun;18(4):213-25. [15627241 ]
  4. Robinson RC, Shorr RG, Varrichio A, Park SS, Gelboin HV, Miller H, Friedman FK: Human liver cytochrome P-450 related to a rat acetone-inducible, nitrosamine-metabolizing cytochrome P-450: identification and isolation. Pharmacology. 1989;39(3):137-44. [2587619 ]
  5. Yamane N, Tsuda T, Nose K, Yamamoto A, Ishiguro H, Kondo T: Relationship between skin acetone and blood beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations in diabetes. Clin Chim Acta. 2006 Mar;365(1-2):325-9. Epub 2005 Oct 11. [16223475 ]
  6. Palamanda J, Feng WW, Lin CC, Nomeir AA: Stimulation of tolbutamide hydroxylation by acetone and acetonitrile in human liver microsomes and in a cytochrome P-450 2C9-reconstituted system. Drug Metab Dispos. 2000 Jan;28(1):38-43. [10611138 ]
  7. Crawley SC, Hindsgaul O, Alton G, Pierce M, Palcic MM: An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-V. Anal Biochem. 1990 Feb 15;185(1):112-7. [2160776 ]
  8. Bairaktari E, Katopodis K, Siamopoulos KC, Tsolas O: Paraquat-induced renal injury studied by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of urine. Clin Chem. 1998 Jun;44(6 Pt 1):1256-61. [9625050 ]
  9. Inoue S, Sato Y, Hasegawa H, Noguchi A, Yamada A, Kurata T, Iwasaki T: Cross-reactive antigenicity of nucleoproteins of lyssaviruses recognized by a monospecific antirabies virus nucleoprotein antiserum on paraffin sections of formalin-fixed tissues. Pathol Int. 2003 Aug;53(8):525-33. [12895231 ]
  10. Meiser JB, Nelson HS: Comparing conventional and acetone-precipitated dog allergen extract skin testing. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001 Apr;107(4):744-5. [11295672 ]
  11. Baum HP, Reichrath J, Theobald A, Schock G: Fixation requirements for the immunohistochemical reactivity of PCNA antibody PC10 on cryostat sections. Histochem J. 1994 Dec;26(12):929-33. [7896568 ]
  12. Benz J: Antidiabetic agents and lactation. J Hum Lact. 1992 Mar;8(1):27-8. [1558654 ]
  13. Benfeldt E, Serup J, Menne T: Effect of barrier perturbation on cutaneous salicylic acid penetration in human skin: in vivo pharmacokinetics using microdialysis and non-invasive quantification of barrier function. Br J Dermatol. 1999 Apr;140(4):739-48. [10233334 ]
  14. Paweska JT, Barnard BJ, Williams R: The use of sucrose-acetone-extracted Rift Valley fever virus antigen derived from cell culture in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and haemagglutination-inhibition test. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1995 Dec;62(4):227-33. [8668320 ]
  15. Wittmann S, Gilg T, Dietz HG, Grantzow R, Peschel O, von Meyer L: [Isopropanol and acetone level in serum after preoperative surface disinfection with antiseptics containing isopropanol]. Blutalkohol. 1992 Sep;29(5):326-35. [1389018 ]
  16. Bales JR, Higham DP, Howe I, Nicholson JK, Sadler PJ: Use of high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for rapid multi-component analysis of urine. Clin Chem. 1984 Mar;30(3):426-32. [6321058 ]
  17. Bird AR, Kossew B, Mulligan TP, Jacobs P: Regional thromboplastin standardisation using a human brain extract. S Afr Med J. 1989 Jun 3;75(11):538-40. [2727843 ]
  18. Rumack BH (2009). POISINDEX(R) Information System. Englewood, CO: Micromedex, Inc. CCIS Volume 141, edition expires Aug, 2009.
  19. Gossel TA and Bricker JD (1994). Principles of Clinical Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Raven Press, Ltd.
  20. International Agency for Research on Cancer (2014). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. [Link]
  21. International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) INCHEM (1994). Poison Information Monograph for Acetone. [Link]
Gene Regulation
Up-Regulated Genes
GeneGene SymbolGene IDInteractionChromosomeDetails
Down-Regulated GenesNot Available

Targets

Target Details
1. Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1
General Function:
Temperature-gated cation channel activity
Specific Function:
Receptor-activated non-selective cation channel involved in detection of pain and possibly also in cold perception and inner ear function (PubMed:25389312, PubMed:25855297). Has a central role in the pain response to endogenous inflammatory mediators and to a diverse array of volatile irritants, such as mustard oil, cinnamaldehyde, garlic and acrolein, an irritant from tears gas and vehicule exhaust fumes (PubMed:25389312, PubMed:20547126). Is also activated by menthol (in vitro)(PubMed:25389312). Acts also as a ionotropic cannabinoid receptor by being activated by delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive component of marijuana (PubMed:25389312). May be a component for the mechanosensitive transduction channel of hair cells in inner ear, thereby participating in the perception of sounds. Probably operated by a phosphatidylinositol second messenger system (By similarity).
Gene Name:
TRPA1
Uniprot ID:
O75762
Molecular Weight:
127499.88 Da
References
  1. Nilius B, Prenen J, Owsianik G: Irritating channels: the case of TRPA1. J Physiol. 2011 Apr 1;589(Pt 7):1543-9. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.200717. Epub 2010 Nov 15. [21078588 ]