Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha

NamePeroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
Synonyms
  • NR1C1
  • Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group C member 1
  • PPAR
  • PPAR-alpha
Gene NamePPARA
OrganismHuman
Amino acid sequence
>lcl|BSEQ0000142|Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
MVDTESPLCPLSPLEAGDLESPLSEEFLQEMGNIQEISQSIGEDSSGSFGFTEYQYLGSC
PGSDGSVITDTLSPASSPSSVTYPVVPGSVDESPSGALNIECRICGDKASGYHYGVHACE
GCKGFFRRTIRLKLVYDKCDRSCKIQKKNRNKCQYCRFHKCLSVGMSHNAIRFGRMPRSE
KAKLKAEILTCEHDIEDSETADLKSLAKRIYEAYLKNFNMNKVKARVILSGKASNNPPFV
IHDMETLCMAEKTLVAKLVANGIQNKEAEVRIFHCCQCTSVETVTELTEFAKAIPGFANL
DLNDQVTLLKYGVYEAIFAMLSSVMNKDGMLVAYGNGFITREFLKSLRKPFCDIMEPKFD
FAMKFNALELDDSDISLFVAAIICCGDRPGLLNVGHIEKMQEGIVHVLRLHLQSNHPDDI
FLFPKLLQKMADLRQLVTEHAQLVQIIKKTESDAALHPLLQEIYRDMY
Number of residues468
Molecular Weight52224.595
Theoretical pI6.2
GO Classification
Functions
  • RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity, ligand-activated sequence-specific DNA binding
  • drug binding
  • zinc ion binding
  • RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding
  • ubiquitin conjugating enzyme binding
  • steroid hormone receptor activity
  • transcriptional activator activity, RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding
  • DNA binding
  • lipid binding
  • sequence-specific DNA binding
  • transcriptional activator activity, RNA polymerase II transcription factor binding
  • RNA polymerase II repressing transcription factor binding
  • transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding
  • transcriptional repressor activity, RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding
Processes
  • positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
  • negative regulation of transcription regulatory region DNA binding
  • negative regulation of glycolytic process
  • fatty acid metabolic process
  • response to hypoxia
  • negative regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion
  • regulation of circadian rhythm
  • wound healing
  • negative regulation of receptor biosynthetic process
  • fatty acid transport
  • lipid metabolic process
  • negative regulation of sequestering of triglyceride
  • circadian rhythm
  • epidermis development
  • regulation of cellular ketone metabolic process by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
  • negative regulation of inflammatory response
  • positive regulation of fatty acid oxidation
  • regulation of lipid transport by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
  • behavioral response to nicotine
  • negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
  • regulation of glycolytic process by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
  • circadian regulation of gene expression
  • cellular lipid metabolic process
  • enamel mineralization
  • negative regulation of appetite
  • lipoprotein metabolic process
  • negative regulation of pri-miRNA transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
  • positive regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation
  • negative regulation of cholesterol storage
  • gene expression
  • negative regulation of neuron death
  • negative regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation
  • small molecule metabolic process
  • negative regulation of protein binding
  • response to insulin
  • transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter
  • negative regulation of blood pressure
  • positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated
  • intracellular receptor signaling pathway
  • heart development
  • positive regulation of gluconeogenesis
Components
  • nucleus
  • nucleoplasm
General FunctionZinc ion binding
Specific FunctionLigand-activated transcription factor. Key regulator of lipid metabolism. Activated by the endogenous ligand 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine (16:0/18:1-GPC). Activated by oleylethanolamide, a naturally occurring lipid that regulates satiety. Receptor for peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Regulates the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Functions as transcription activator for the ACOX1 and P450 genes. Transactivation activity requires heterodimerization with RXRA and is antagonized by NR2C2. May be required for the propagation of clock information to metabolic pathways regulated by PER2.
Pfam Domain Function
Transmembrane RegionsNot Available
GenBank Protein ID307341
UniProtKB IDQ07869
UniProtKB Entry NamePPARA_HUMAN
Cellular LocationNucleus
Gene sequence
>lcl|BSEQ0021925|Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA)
ATGGTGGACACGGAAAGCCCACTCTGCCCCCTCTCCCCACTCGAGGCCGGCGATCTAGAG
AGCCCGTTATCTGAAGAGTTCCTGCAAGAAATGGGAAACATCCAAGAGATTTCGCAATCC
ATCGGCGAGGATAGTTCTGGAAGCTTTGGCTTTACGGAATACCAGTATTTAGGAAGCTGT
CCTGGCTCAGATGGCTCGGTCATCACGGACACGCTTTCACCAGCTTCGAGCCCCTCCTCG
GTGACTTATCCTGTGGTCCCCGGCAGCGTGGACGAGTCTCCCAGTGGAGCATTGAACATC
GAATGTAGAATCTGCGGGGACAAGGCCTCAGGCTATCATTACGGAGTCCACGCGTGTGAA
GGCTGCAAGGGCTTCTTTCGGCGAACGATTCGACTCAAGCTGGTGTATGACAAGTGCGAC
CGCAGCTGCAAGATCCAGAAAAAGAACAGAAACAAATGCCAGTATTGTCGATTTCACAAG
TGCCTTTCTGTCGGGATGTCACACAACGCGATTCGTTTTGGACGAATGCCAAGATCTGAG
AAAGCAAAACTGAAAGCAGAAATTCTTACCTGTGAACATGACATAGAAGATTCTGAAACT
GCAGATCTCAAATCTCTGGCCAAGAGAATCTACGAGGCCTACTTGAAGAACTTCAACATG
AACAAGGTCAAAGCCCGGGTCATCCTCTCAGGAAAGGCCAGTAACAATCCACCTTTTGTC
ATACATGATATGGAGACACTGTGTATGGCTGAGAAGACGCTGGTGGCCAAGCTGGTGGCC
AATGGCATCCAGAACAAGGAGGCGGAGGTCCGCATCTTTCACTGCTGCCAGTGCACGTCA
GTGGAGACCGTCACGGAGCTCACGGAATTCGCCAAGGCCATCCCAGGCTTCGCAAACTTG
GACCTGAACGATCAAGTGACATTGCTAAAATACGGAGTTTATGAGGCCATATTCGCCATG
CTGTCTTCTGTGATGAACAAAGACGGGATGCTGGTAGCGTATGGAAATGGGTTTATAACT
CGTGAATTCCTAAAAAGCCTAAGGAAACCGTTCTGTGATATCATGGAACCCAAGTTTGAT
TTTGCCATGAAGTTCAATGCACTGGAACTGGATGACAGTGATATCTCCCTTTTTGTGGCT
GCTATCATTTGCTGTGGAGATCGTCCTGGCCTTCTAAACGTAGGACACATTGAAAAAATG
CAGGAGGGTATTGTACATGTGCTCAGACTCCACCTGCAGAGCAACCACCCGGACGATATC
TTTCTCTTCCCAAAACTTCTTCAAAAAATGGCAGACCTCCGGCAGCTGGTGACGGAGCAT
GCGCAGCTGGTGCAGATCATCAAGAAGACGGAGTCGGATGCTGCGCTGCACCCGCTACTG
CAGGAGATCTACAGGGACATGTACTGA
GenBank Gene IDL02932
GeneCard IDNot Available
GenAtlas IDPPARA
HGNC IDHGNC:9232
Chromosome Location22
Locus22q12-q13.1|22q13.31
References
  1. Sher T, Yi HF, McBride OW, Gonzalez FJ: cDNA cloning, chromosomal mapping, and functional characterization of the human peroxisome proliferator activated receptor. Biochemistry. 1993 Jun 1;32(21):5598-604. 7684926
  2. Mukherjee R, Jow L, Noonan D, McDonnell DP: Human and rat peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) demonstrate similar tissue distribution but different responsiveness to PPAR activators. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1994 Nov;51(3-4):157-66. 7981125
  3. Tugwood JD, Aldridge TC, Lambe KG, Macdonald N, Woodyatt NJ: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: structures and function. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1996 Dec 27;804:252-65. 8993548
  4. Kobayashi T, Kodani Y, Nozawa A, Endo Y, Sawasaki T: DNA-binding profiling of human hormone nuclear receptors via fluorescence correlation spectroscopy in a cell-free system. FEBS Lett. 2008 Aug 6;582(18):2737-44. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.07.003. Epub 2008 Jul 11. 18619963
  5. Cho MC, Lee S, Choi HS, Yang Y, Tae Hong J, Kim SJ, Yoon DY: Optimization of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to screen ligand of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2009;31(3):459-67. doi: 10.1080/08923970902785246. 19263263
  6. Collins JE, Wright CL, Edwards CA, Davis MP, Grinham JA, Cole CG, Goward ME, Aguado B, Mallya M, Mokrab Y, Huckle EJ, Beare DM, Dunham I: A genome annotation-driven approach to cloning the human ORFeome. Genome Biol. 2004;5(10):R84. Epub 2004 Sep 30. 15461802
  7. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. 14702039
  8. Dunham I, Shimizu N, Roe BA, Chissoe S, Hunt AR, Collins JE, Bruskiewich R, Beare DM, Clamp M, Smink LJ, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Babbage A, Bagguley C, Bailey J, Barlow K, Bates KN, Beasley O, Bird CP, Blakey S, Bridgeman AM, Buck D, Burgess J, Burrill WD, O'Brien KP, et al.: The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22. Nature. 1999 Dec 2;402(6761):489-95. 10591208
  9. Juge-Aubry CE, Gorla-Bajszczak A, Pernin A, Lemberger T, Wahli W, Burger AG, Meier CA: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor mediates cross-talk with thyroid hormone receptor by competition for retinoid X receptor. Possible role of a leucine zipper-like heptad repeat. J Biol Chem. 1995 Jul 28;270(30):18117-22. 7629123
  10. Li H, Gomes PJ, Chen JD: RAC3, a steroid/nuclear receptor-associated coactivator that is related to SRC-1 and TIF2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Aug 5;94(16):8479-84. 9238002
  11. Yan ZH, Karam WG, Staudinger JL, Medvedev A, Ghanayem BI, Jetten AM: Regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha-induced transactivation by the nuclear orphan receptor TAK1/TR4. J Biol Chem. 1998 May 1;273(18):10948-57. 9556573
  12. Gorla-Bajszczak A, Juge-Aubry C, Pernin A, Burger AG, Meier CA: Conserved amino acids in the ligand-binding and tau(i) domains of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha are necessary for heterodimerization with RXR. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1999 Jan 25;147(1-2):37-47. 10195690
  13. Caira F, Antonson P, Pelto-Huikko M, Treuter E, Gustafsson JA: Cloning and characterization of RAP250, a novel nuclear receptor coactivator. J Biol Chem. 2000 Feb 25;275(8):5308-17. 10681503
  14. Tsutsumi T, Suzuki T, Shimoike T, Suzuki R, Moriya K, Shintani Y, Fujie H, Matsuura Y, Koike K, Miyamura T: Interaction of hepatitis C virus core protein with retinoid X receptor alpha modulates its transcriptional activity. Hepatology. 2002 Apr;35(4):937-46. 11915042
  15. Fu J, Gaetani S, Oveisi F, Lo Verme J, Serrano A, Rodriguez De Fonseca F, Rosengarth A, Luecke H, Di Giacomo B, Tarzia G, Piomelli D: Oleylethanolamide regulates feeding and body weight through activation of the nuclear receptor PPAR-alpha. Nature. 2003 Sep 4;425(6953):90-3. 12955147
  16. Park UH, Yoon SK, Park T, Kim EJ, Um SJ: Additional sex comb-like (ASXL) proteins 1 and 2 play opposite roles in adipogenesis via reciprocal regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor {gamma}. J Biol Chem. 2011 Jan 14;286(2):1354-63. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.177816. Epub 2010 Nov 3. 21047783
  17. Laurent G, de Boer VC, Finley LW, Sweeney M, Lu H, Schug TT, Cen Y, Jeong SM, Li X, Sauve AA, Haigis MC: SIRT4 represses peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha activity to suppress hepatic fat oxidation. Mol Cell Biol. 2013 Nov;33(22):4552-61. doi: 10.1128/MCB.00087-13. Epub 2013 Sep 16. 24043310
  18. Xu HE, Lambert MH, Montana VG, Plunket KD, Moore LB, Collins JL, Oplinger JA, Kliewer SA, Gampe RT Jr, McKee DD, Moore JT, Willson TM: Structural determinants of ligand binding selectivity between the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Nov 20;98(24):13919-24. Epub 2001 Nov 6. 11698662
  19. Cronet P, Petersen JF, Folmer R, Blomberg N, Sjoblom K, Karlsson U, Lindstedt EL, Bamberg K: Structure of the PPARalpha and -gamma ligand binding domain in complex with AZ 242; ligand selectivity and agonist activation in the PPAR family. Structure. 2001 Aug;9(8):699-706. 11587644
  20. Xu HE, Stanley TB, Montana VG, Lambert MH, Shearer BG, Cobb JE, McKee DD, Galardi CM, Plunket KD, Nolte RT, Parks DJ, Moore JT, Kliewer SA, Willson TM, Stimmel JB: Structural basis for antagonist-mediated recruitment of nuclear co-repressors by PPARalpha. Nature. 2002 Feb 14;415(6873):813-7. 11845213
  21. Oon Han H, Kim SH, Kim KH, Hur GC, Joo Yim H, Chung HK, Ho Woo S, Dong Koo K, Lee CS, Sung Koh J, Kim GT: Design and synthesis of oxime ethers of alpha-acyl-beta-phenylpropanoic acids as PPAR dual agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2007 Feb 15;17(4):937-41. Epub 2006 Nov 18. 17157019
  22. Sierra ML, Beneton V, Boullay AB, Boyer T, Brewster AG, Donche F, Forest MC, Fouchet MH, Gellibert FJ, Grillot DA, Lambert MH, Laroze A, Le Grumelec C, Linget JM, Montana VG, Nguyen VL, Nicodeme E, Patel V, Penfornis A, Pineau O, Pohin D, Potvain F, Poulain G, Ruault CB, Saunders M, Toum J, Xu HE, Xu RX, Pianetti PM: Substituted 2-[(4-aminomethyl)phenoxy]-2-methylpropionic acid PPARalpha agonists. 1. Discovery of a novel series of potent HDLc raising agents. J Med Chem. 2007 Feb 22;50(4):685-95. Epub 2007 Jan 23. 17243659
  23. Oyama T, Toyota K, Waku T, Hirakawa Y, Nagasawa N, Kasuga JI, Hashimoto Y, Miyachi H, Morikawa K: Adaptability and selectivity of human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) pan agonists revealed from crystal structures. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2009 Aug;65(Pt 8):786-95. doi: 10.1107/S0907444909015935. Epub 2009 Jul 10. 19622862
  24. Benardeau A, Benz J, Binggeli A, Blum D, Boehringer M, Grether U, Hilpert H, Kuhn B, Marki HP, Meyer M, Puntener K, Raab S, Ruf A, Schlatter D, Mohr P: Aleglitazar, a new, potent, and balanced dual PPARalpha/gamma agonist for the treatment of type II diabetes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2009 May 1;19(9):2468-73. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.03.036. Epub 2009 Mar 14. 19349176
  25. Artis DR, Lin JJ, Zhang C, Wang W, Mehra U, Perreault M, Erbe D, Krupka HI, England BP, Arnold J, Plotnikov AN, Marimuthu A, Nguyen H, Will S, Signaevsky M, Kral J, Cantwell J, Settachatgull C, Yan DS, Fong D, Oh A, Shi S, Womack P, Powell B, Habets G, West BL, Zhang KY, Milburn MV, Vlasuk GP, Hirth KP, Nolop K, Bollag G, Ibrahim PN, Tobin JF: Scaffold-based discovery of indeglitazar, a PPAR pan-active anti-diabetic agent. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Jan 6;106(1):262-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0811325106. Epub 2008 Dec 30. 19116277