Transcription factor p65

NameTranscription factor p65
Synonyms
  • NFKB3
  • Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p65 subunit
  • Nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 3
Gene NameRELA
OrganismHuman
Amino acid sequence
>lcl|BSEQ0009299|Transcription factor p65
MDELFPLIFPAEPAQASGPYVEIIEQPKQRGMRFRYKCEGRSAGSIPGERSTDTTKTHPT
IKINGYTGPGTVRISLVTKDPPHRPHPHELVGKDCRDGFYEAELCPDRCIHSFQNLGIQC
VKKRDLEQAISQRIQTNNNPFQVPIEEQRGDYDLNAVRLCFQVTVRDPSGRPLRLPPVLS
HPIFDNRAPNTAELKICRVNRNSGSCLGGDEIFLLCDKVQKEDIEVYFTGPGWEARGSFS
QADVHRQVAIVFRTPPYADPSLQAPVRVSMQLRRPSDRELSEPMEFQYLPDTDDRHRIEE
KRKRTYETFKSIMKKSPFSGPTDPRPPPRRIAVPSRSSASVPKPAPQPYPFTSSLSTINY
DEFPTMVFPSGQISQASALAPAPPQVLPQAPAPAPAPAMVSALAQAPAPVPVLAPGPPQA
VAPPAPKPTQAGEGTLSEALLQLQFDDEDLGALLGNSTDPAVFTDLASVDNSEFQQLLNQ
GIPVAPHTTEPMLMEYPEAITRLVTGAQRPPDPAPAPLGAPGLPNGLLSGDEDFSSIADM
DFSALLSQISS
Number of residues551
Molecular Weight60218.53
Theoretical pINot Available
GO Classification
Functions
  • transcriptional repressor activity, RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding
  • identical protein binding
  • repressing transcription factor binding
  • protein kinase binding
  • ubiquitin protein ligase binding
  • actinin binding
  • transcription regulatory region DNA binding
  • RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding
  • DNA binding
  • protein N-terminus binding
  • phosphate ion binding
  • RNA polymerase II distal enhancer sequence-specific DNA binding
  • chromatin binding
  • transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II distal enhancer sequence-specific binding
  • RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding
  • activating transcription factor binding
  • transcription factor binding
  • histone deacetylase binding
  • protein heterodimerization activity
  • transcriptional activator activity, RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding
  • NF-kappaB binding
  • chromatin DNA binding
  • protein homodimerization activity
  • transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding
  • transcriptional activator activity, RNA polymerase II distal enhancer sequence-specific binding
Processes
  • organ morphogenesis
  • response to cobalamin
  • cellular response to lipopolysaccharide
  • positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity
  • innate immune response
  • Fc-epsilon receptor signaling pathway
  • response to morphine
  • positive regulation of interleukin-12 biosynthetic process
  • cytokine-mediated signaling pathway
  • cellular response to peptide hormone stimulus
  • negative regulation of NIK/NF-kappaB signaling
  • negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated
  • response to insulin
  • negative regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway
  • cellular response to tumor necrosis factor
  • viral process
  • cellular response to interleukin-1
  • MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway
  • positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated
  • response to progesterone
  • MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway
  • response to cAMP
  • response to organic substance
  • liver development
  • toll-like receptor 10 signaling pathway
  • acetaldehyde metabolic process
  • nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 signaling pathway
  • negative regulation of apoptotic process
  • positive regulation of type I interferon production
  • response to amino acid
  • toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway
  • positive regulation of miRNA metabolic process
  • neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway
  • response to interleukin-1
  • cellular response to interleukin-6
  • cellular defense response
  • toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway
  • positive regulation of Schwann cell differentiation
  • positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
  • negative regulation of protein catabolic process
  • response to drug
  • toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway
  • response to muramyl dipeptide
  • response to muscle stretch
  • positive regulation of chondrocyte differentiation
  • negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway
  • toll-like receptor 5 signaling pathway
  • toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway
  • response to UV-B
  • stimulatory C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway
  • NIK/NF-kappaB signaling
  • inflammatory response
  • T cell receptor signaling pathway
  • toll-like receptor signaling pathway
  • hair follicle development
  • aging
  • toll-like receptor TLR1
  • positive regulation of cell proliferation
  • transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
  • cellular response to hydrogen peroxide
  • I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling
  • toll-like receptor TLR6
  • TRIF-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway
  • regulation of inflammatory response
  • positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling
  • membrane protein intracellular domain proteolysis
  • defense response to virus
  • negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
  • cellular response to nicotine
Components
  • I-kappaB/NF-kappaB complex
  • NF-kappaB complex
  • transcription factor complex
  • cytoplasm
  • nucleus
  • cytosol
  • nucleoplasm
General FunctionUbiquitin protein ligase binding
Specific FunctionNF-kappa-B is a pleiotropic transcription factor present in almost all cell types and is the endpoint of a series of signal transduction events that are initiated by a vast array of stimuli related to many biological processes such as inflammation, immunity, differentiation, cell growth, tumorigenesis and apoptosis. NF-kappa-B is a homo- or heterodimeric complex formed by the Rel-like domain-containing proteins RELA/p65, RELB, NFKB1/p105, NFKB1/p50, REL and NFKB2/p52 and the heterodimeric p65-p50 complex appears to be most abundant one. The dimers bind at kappa-B sites in the DNA of their target genes and the individual dimers have distinct preferences for different kappa-B sites that they can bind with distinguishable affinity and specificity. Different dimer combinations act as transcriptional activators or repressors, respectively. NF-kappa-B is controlled by various mechanisms of post-translational modification and subcellular compartmentalization as well as by interactions with other cofactors or corepressors. NF-kappa-B complexes are held in the cytoplasm in an inactive state complexed with members of the NF-kappa-B inhibitor (I-kappa-B) family. In a conventional activation pathway, I-kappa-B is phosphorylated by I-kappa-B kinases (IKKs) in response to different activators, subsequently degraded thus liberating the active NF-kappa-B complex which translocates to the nucleus. NF-kappa-B heterodimeric p65-p50 and p65-c-Rel complexes are transcriptional activators. The NF-kappa-B p65-p65 complex appears to be involved in invasin-mediated activation of IL-8 expression. The inhibitory effect of I-kappa-B upon NF-kappa-B the cytoplasm is exerted primarily through the interaction with p65. p65 shows a weak DNA-binding site which could contribute directly to DNA binding in the NF-kappa-B complex. Associates with chromatin at the NF-kappa-B promoter region via association with DDX1. Essential for cytokine gene expression in T-cells (PubMed:15790681).
Pfam Domain Function
Transmembrane RegionsNot Available
GenBank Protein IDNot Available
UniProtKB IDQ04206
UniProtKB Entry NameTF65_HUMAN
Cellular LocationNucleus
Gene sequence
>lcl|BSEQ0013727|Transcription factor p65 (RELA)
ATGGACGAACTGTTCCCCCTCATCTTCCCGGCAGAGCCAGCCCAGGCCTCTGGCCCCTAT
GTGGAGATCATTGAGCAGCCCAAGCAGCGGGGCATGCGCTTCCGCTACAAGTGCGAGGGG
CGCTCCGCGGGCAGCATCCCAGGCGAGAGGAGCACAGATACCACCAAGACCCACCCCACC
ATCAAGATCAATGGCTACACAGGACCAGGGACAGTGCGCATCTCCCTGGTCACCAAGGAC
CCTCCTCACCGGCCTCACCCCCACGAGCTTGTAGGAAAGGACTGCCGGGATGGCTTCTAT
GAGGCTGAGCTCTGCCCGGACCGCTGCATCCACAGTTTCCAGAACCTGGGAATCCAGTGT
GTGAAGAAGCGGGACCTGGAGCAGGCTATCAGTCAGCGCATCCAGACCAACAACAACCCC
TTCCAAGAAGAGCAGCGTGGGGACTACGACCTGAATGCTGTGCGGCTCTGCTTCCAGGTG
ACAGTGCGGGACCCATCAGGCAGGCCCCTCCGCCTGCCGCCTGTCCTTTCTCATCCCATC
TTTGACAATCGTGCCCCCAACACTGCCGAGCTCAAGATCTGCCGAGTGAACCGAAACTCT
GGCAGCTGCCTCGGTGGGGATGAGATCTTCCTACTGTGTGACAAGGTGCAGAAAGAGGAC
ATTGAGGTGTATTTCACGGGACCAGGCTGGGAGGCCCGAGGCTCCTTTTCGCAAGCTGAT
GTGCACCGACAAGTGGCCATTGTGTTCCGGACCCCTCCCTACGCAGACCCCAGCCTGCAG
GCTCCTGTGCGTGTCTCCATGCAGCTGCGGCGGCCTTCCGACCGGGAGCTCAGTGAGCCC
ATGGAATTCCAGTACCTGCCAGATACAGACGATCGTCACCGGATTGAGGAGAAACGTAAA
AGGACATATGAGACCTTCAAGAGCATCATGAAGAAGAGTCCTTTCAGCGGACCCACCGAC
CCCCGGCCTCCACCTCGACGCATTGCTGTGCCTTCCCGCAGCTCAGCTTCTGTCCCCAAG
CCAGCACCCCAGCCCTATCCCTTTACGTCATCCCTGAGCACCATCAACTATGATGAGTTT
CCCACCATGGTGTTTCCTTCTGGGCAGATCAGCCAGGCCTCGGCCTTGGCCCCGGCCCCT
CCCCAAGTCCTGCCCCAGGCTCCAGCCCCTGCCCCTGCTCCAGCCATGGTATCAGCTCTG
GCCCAGGCCCCAGCCCCTGTCCCAGTCCTAGCCCCAGGCCCTCCTCAGGCTGTGGCCCCA
CCTGCCCCCAAGCCCACCCAGGCTGGGGAAGGAACGCTGTCAGAGGCCCTGCTGCAGCTG
CAGTTTGATGATGAAGACCTGGGGGCCTTGCTTGGCAACAGCACAGACCCAGCTGTGTTC
ACAGACCTGGCATCCGTCGACAACTCCGAGTTTCAGCAGCTGCTGAACCAGGGCATACCT
GTGGCCCCCCACACAACTGAGCCCATGCTGATGGAGTACCCTGAGGCTATAACTCGCCTA
GTGACAGGGGCCCAGAGGCCCCCCGACCCAGCTCCTGCTCCACTGGGGGCCCCGGGGCTC
CCCAATGGCCTCCTTTCAGGAGATGAAGACTTCTCCTCCATTGCGGACATGGACTTCTCA
GCCCTGCTGAGTCAGATCAGCTCCTAA
GenBank Gene IDNot Available
GeneCard IDNot Available
GenAtlas IDNot Available
HGNC IDHGNC:9955
Chromosome Location11
LocusNot Available
References
  1. Ruben SM, Dillon PJ, Schreck R, Henkel T, Chen CH, Maher M, Baeuerle PA, Rosen CA: Isolation of a rel-related human cDNA that potentially encodes the 65-kD subunit of NF-kappa B. Science. 1991 Mar 22;251(5000):1490-3. 2006423
  2. Deloukas P, van Loon AP: Genomic organization of the gene encoding the p65 subunit of NF-kappa B: multiple variants of the p65 protein may be generated by alternative splicing. Hum Mol Genet. 1993 Nov;2(11):1895-900. 8281153
  3. Lyle R, Valleley EM, Sharpe PT, Hewitt JE: An alternatively spliced transcript, p65 delta 2, of the gene encoding the p65 subunit of the transcription factor NF-kappa B. Gene. 1994 Jan 28;138(1-2):265-6. 7907305
  4. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. 15489334
  5. Ruben SM, Narayanan R, Klement JF, Chen CH, Rosen CA: Functional characterization of the NF-kappa B p65 transcriptional activator and an alternatively spliced derivative. Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Feb;12(2):444-54. 1732726
  6. Hansen SK, Nerlov C, Zabel U, Verde P, Johnsen M, Baeuerle PA, Blasi F: A novel complex between the p65 subunit of NF-kappa B and c-Rel binds to a DNA element involved in the phorbol ester induction of the human urokinase gene. EMBO J. 1992 Jan;11(1):205-13. 1740106
  7. Ganchi PA, Sun SC, Greene WC, Ballard DW: I kappa B/MAD-3 masks the nuclear localization signal of NF-kappa B p65 and requires the transactivation domain to inhibit NF-kappa B p65 DNA binding. Mol Biol Cell. 1992 Dec;3(12):1339-52. 1493333
  8. Beg AA, Baldwin AS Jr: Activation of multiple NF-kappa B/Rel DNA-binding complexes by tumor necrosis factor. Oncogene. 1994 May;9(5):1487-92. 8152812
  9. Aoudjit F, Brochu N, Belanger B, Stratowa C, Hiscott J, Audette M: Regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 gene by tumor necrosis factor-alpha is mediated by the nuclear factor-kappaB heterodimers p65/p65 and p65/c-Rel in the absence of p50. Cell Growth Differ. 1997 Mar;8(3):335-42. 9056676
  10. Li Z, Nabel GJ: A new member of the I kappaB protein family, I kappaB epsilon, inhibits RelA (p65)-mediated NF-kappaB transcription. Mol Cell Biol. 1997 Oct;17(10):6184-90. 9315679
  11. Cohen L, Henzel WJ, Baeuerle PA: IKAP is a scaffold protein of the IkappaB kinase complex. Nature. 1998 Sep 17;395(6699):292-6. 9751059
  12. Sakurai H, Chiba H, Miyoshi H, Sugita T, Toriumi W: IkappaB kinases phosphorylate NF-kappaB p65 subunit on serine 536 in the transactivation domain. J Biol Chem. 1999 Oct 22;274(43):30353-6. 10521409
  13. Yang JP, Hori M, Takahashi N, Kawabe T, Kato H, Okamoto T: NF-kappaB subunit p65 binds to 53BP2 and inhibits cell death induced by 53BP2. Oncogene. 1999 Sep 16;18(37):5177-86. 10498867
  14. Schulte R, Grassl GA, Preger S, Fessele S, Jacobi CA, Schaller M, Nelson PJ, Autenrieth IB: Yersinia enterocolitica invasin protein triggers IL-8 production in epithelial cells via activation of Rel p65-p65 homodimers. FASEB J. 2000 Aug;14(11):1471-84. 10928981
  15. Tetsuka T, Uranishi H, Imai H, Ono T, Sonta S, Takahashi N, Asamitsu K, Okamoto T: Inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB-mediated transcription by association with the amino-terminal enhancer of split, a Groucho-related protein lacking WD40 repeats. J Biol Chem. 2000 Feb 11;275(6):4383-90. 10660609
  16. Wang D, Westerheide SD, Hanson JL, Baldwin AS Jr: Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced phosphorylation of RelA/p65 on Ser529 is controlled by casein kinase II. J Biol Chem. 2000 Oct 20;275(42):32592-7. 10938077
  17. Heppner C, Bilimoria KY, Agarwal SK, Kester M, Whitty LJ, Guru SC, Chandrasekharappa SC, Collins FS, Spiegel AM, Marx SJ, Burns AL: The tumor suppressor protein menin interacts with NF-kappaB proteins and inhibits NF-kappaB-mediated transactivation. Oncogene. 2001 Aug 16;20(36):4917-25. 11526476
  18. Chen Lf, Fischle W, Verdin E, Greene WC: Duration of nuclear NF-kappaB action regulated by reversible acetylation. Science. 2001 Aug 31;293(5535):1653-7. 11533489
  19. Higashitsuji H, Higashitsuji H, Nagao T, Nonoguchi K, Fujii S, Itoh K, Fujita J: A novel protein overexpressed in hepatoma accelerates export of NF-kappa B from the nucleus and inhibits p53-dependent apoptosis. Cancer Cell. 2002 Oct;2(4):335-46. 12398897
  20. Chen LF, Mu Y, Greene WC: Acetylation of RelA at discrete sites regulates distinct nuclear functions of NF-kappaB. EMBO J. 2002 Dec 2;21(23):6539-48. 12456660
  21. Zhong H, May MJ, Jimi E, Ghosh S: The phosphorylation status of nuclear NF-kappa B determines its association with CBP/p300 or HDAC-1. Mol Cell. 2002 Mar;9(3):625-36. 11931769
  22. Vermeulen L, De Wilde G, Van Damme P, Vanden Berghe W, Haegeman G: Transcriptional activation of the NF-kappaB p65 subunit by mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase-1 (MSK1). EMBO J. 2003 Mar 17;22(6):1313-24. 12628924
  23. Kiernan R, Bres V, Ng RW, Coudart MP, El Messaoudi S, Sardet C, Jin DY, Emiliani S, Benkirane M: Post-activation turn-off of NF-kappa B-dependent transcription is regulated by acetylation of p65. J Biol Chem. 2003 Jan 24;278(4):2758-66. Epub 2002 Nov 4. 12419806
  24. Asamitsu K, Tetsuka T, Kanazawa S, Okamoto T: RING finger protein AO7 supports NF-kappaB-mediated transcription by interacting with the transactivation domain of the p65 subunit. J Biol Chem. 2003 Jul 18;278(29):26879-87. Epub 2003 May 13. 12748188
  25. Demarchi F, Bertoli C, Sandy P, Schneider C: Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta regulates NF-kappa B1/p105 stability. J Biol Chem. 2003 Oct 10;278(41):39583-90. Epub 2003 Jul 18. 12871932
  26. Ryo A, Suizu F, Yoshida Y, Perrem K, Liou YC, Wulf G, Rottapel R, Yamaoka S, Lu KP: Regulation of NF-kappaB signaling by Pin1-dependent prolyl isomerization and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of p65/RelA. Mol Cell. 2003 Dec;12(6):1413-26. 14690596
  27. Zhang J, Xu LG, Han KJ, Shu HB: Identification of a ZU5 and death domain-containing inhibitor of NF-kappaB. J Biol Chem. 2004 Apr 23;279(17):17819-25. Epub 2004 Feb 9. 14769797
  28. Yeh PY, Yeh KH, Chuang SE, Song YC, Cheng AL: Suppression of MEK/ERK signaling pathway enhances cisplatin-induced NF-kappaB activation by protein phosphatase 4-mediated NF-kappaB p65 Thr dephosphorylation. J Biol Chem. 2004 Jun 18;279(25):26143-8. Epub 2004 Apr 8. 15073167
  29. Saccani S, Marazzi I, Beg AA, Natoli G: Degradation of promoter-bound p65/RelA is essential for the prompt termination of the nuclear factor kappaB response. J Exp Med. 2004 Jul 5;200(1):107-13. Epub 2004 Jun 28. 15226358
  30. Gao H, Sun Y, Wu Y, Luan B, Wang Y, Qu B, Pei G: Identification of beta-arrestin2 as a G protein-coupled receptor-stimulated regulator of NF-kappaB pathways. Mol Cell. 2004 May 7;14(3):303-17. 15125834
  31. Garkavtsev I, Kozin SV, Chernova O, Xu L, Winkler F, Brown E, Barnett GH, Jain RK: The candidate tumour suppressor protein ING4 regulates brain tumour growth and angiogenesis. Nature. 2004 Mar 18;428(6980):328-32. 15029197
  32. Rocha S, Garrett MD, Campbell KJ, Schumm K, Perkins ND: Regulation of NF-kappaB and p53 through activation of ATR and Chk1 by the ARF tumour suppressor. EMBO J. 2005 Mar 23;24(6):1157-69. Epub 2005 Mar 10. 15775976
  33. Schwabe RF, Sakurai H: IKKbeta phosphorylates p65 at S468 in transactivaton domain 2. FASEB J. 2005 Oct;19(12):1758-60. Epub 2005 Jul 26. 16046471
  34. Anrather J, Racchumi G, Iadecola C: cis-acting, element-specific transcriptional activity of differentially phosphorylated nuclear factor-kappa B. J Biol Chem. 2005 Jan 7;280(1):244-52. Epub 2004 Oct 29. 15516339
  35. Burstein E, Hoberg JE, Wilkinson AS, Rumble JM, Csomos RA, Komarck CM, Maine GN, Wilkinson JC, Mayo MW, Duckett CS: COMMD proteins, a novel family of structural and functional homologs of MURR1. J Biol Chem. 2005 Jun 10;280(23):22222-32. Epub 2005 Mar 30. 15799966
  36. Chen LF, Williams SA, Mu Y, Nakano H, Duerr JM, Buckbinder L, Greene WC: NF-kappaB RelA phosphorylation regulates RelA acetylation. Mol Cell Biol. 2005 Sep;25(18):7966-75. 16135789
  37. Bettelli E, Dastrange M, Oukka M: Foxp3 interacts with nuclear factor of activated T cells and NF-kappa B to repress cytokine gene expression and effector functions of T helper cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Apr 5;102(14):5138-43. Epub 2005 Mar 24. 15790681
  38. Reimers K, Buchholz K, Werchau H: Respiratory syncytial virus M2-1 protein induces the activation of nuclear factor kappa B. Virology. 2005 Jan 20;331(2):260-8. 15629770
  39. Emdad L, Sarkar D, Su ZZ, Randolph A, Boukerche H, Valerie K, Fisher PB: Activation of the nuclear factor kappaB pathway by astrocyte elevated gene-1: implications for tumor progression and metastasis. Cancer Res. 2006 Feb 1;66(3):1509-16. 16452207
  40. Tzimas C, Michailidou G, Arsenakis M, Kieff E, Mosialos G, Hatzivassiliou EG: Human ubiquitin specific protease 31 is a deubiquitinating enzyme implicated in activation of nuclear factor-kappaB. Cell Signal. 2006 Jan;18(1):83-92. Epub 2005 Apr 26. 16214042
  41. Mattioli I, Geng H, Sebald A, Hodel M, Bucher C, Kracht M, Schmitz ML: Inducible phosphorylation of NF-kappa B p65 at serine 468 by T cell costimulation is mediated by IKK epsilon. J Biol Chem. 2006 Mar 10;281(10):6175-83. Epub 2006 Jan 3. 16407239
  42. Liu Y, Smith PW, Jones DR: Breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1 functions as a corepressor by enhancing histone deacetylase 1-mediated deacetylation of RelA/p65 and promoting apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol. 2006 Dec;26(23):8683-96. Epub 2006 Sep 25. 17000776
  43. Miao F, Li S, Chavez V, Lanting L, Natarajan R: Coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase-1 enhances nuclear factor-kappaB-mediated gene transcription through methylation of histone H3 at arginine 17. Mol Endocrinol. 2006 Jul;20(7):1562-73. Epub 2006 Feb 23. 16497732
  44. Song YJ, Jen KY, Soni V, Kieff E, Cahir-McFarland E: IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 is critical for latent membrane protein 1-induced p65/RelA serine 536 phosphorylation and NF-kappaB activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Feb 21;103(8):2689-94. Epub 2006 Feb 13. 16477006
  45. Wang J, An H, Mayo MW, Baldwin AS, Yarbrough WG: LZAP, a putative tumor suppressor, selectively inhibits NF-kappaB. Cancer Cell. 2007 Sep;12(3):239-51. 17785205
  46. Piskacek S, Gregor M, Nemethova M, Grabner M, Kovarik P, Piskacek M: Nine-amino-acid transactivation domain: establishment and prediction utilities. Genomics. 2007 Jun;89(6):756-68. Epub 2007 Apr 30. 17467953
  47. Sun S, Tang Y, Lou X, Zhu L, Yang K, Zhang B, Shi H, Wang C: UXT is a novel and essential cofactor in the NF-kappaB transcriptional enhanceosome. J Cell Biol. 2007 Jul 16;178(2):231-44. Epub 2007 Jul 9. 17620405
  48. Chae JJ, Wood G, Richard K, Jaffe H, Colburn NT, Masters SL, Gumucio DL, Shoham NG, Kastner DL: The familial Mediterranean fever protein, pyrin, is cleaved by caspase-1 and activates NF-kappaB through its N-terminal fragment. Blood. 2008 Sep 1;112(5):1794-803. doi: 10.1182/blood-2008-01-134932. Epub 2008 Jun 24. 18577712
  49. Clarke E, Rahman N, Page N, Rolph MS, Stewart GJ, Jones GJ: Functional characterization of the atopy-associated gene PHF11. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008 May;121(5):1148-1154.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.02.028. Epub 2008 Apr 11. 18405956
  50. Gao N, Asamitsu K, Hibi Y, Ueno T, Okamoto T: AKIP1 enhances NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression by promoting the nuclear retention and phosphorylation of p65. J Biol Chem. 2008 Mar 21;283(12):7834-43. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M710285200. Epub 2008 Jan 4. 18178962
  51. Ramsey CS, Yeung F, Stoddard PB, Li D, Creutz CE, Mayo MW: Copine-I represses NF-kappaB transcription by endoproteolysis of p65. Oncogene. 2008 Jun 5;27(25):3516-26. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1211030. Epub 2008 Jan 21. 18212740
  52. Ishaq M, Ma L, Wu X, Mu Y, Pan J, Hu J, Hu T, Fu Q, Guo D: The DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX1 interacts with RelA and enhances nuclear factor kappaB-mediated transcription. J Cell Biochem. 2009 Feb 1;106(2):296-305. doi: 10.1002/jcb.22004. 19058135
  53. Huang B, Yang XD, Zhou MM, Ozato K, Chen LF: Brd4 coactivates transcriptional activation of NF-kappaB via specific binding to acetylated RelA. Mol Cell Biol. 2009 Mar;29(5):1375-87. doi: 10.1128/MCB.01365-08. Epub 2008 Dec 22. 19103749
  54. Choudhary C, Kumar C, Gnad F, Nielsen ML, Rehman M, Walther TC, Olsen JV, Mann M: Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions. Science. 2009 Aug 14;325(5942):834-40. doi: 10.1126/science.1175371. Epub 2009 Jul 16. 19608861
  55. Kwon J, Cho HJ, Han SH, No JG, Kwon JY, Kim H: A novel LZAP-binding protein, NLBP, inhibits cell invasion. J Biol Chem. 2010 Apr 16;285(16):12232-40. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.065920. Epub 2010 Feb 17. 20164180
  56. Rothgiesser KM, Erener S, Waibel S, Luscher B, Hottiger MO: SIRT2 regulates NF-kappaB dependent gene expression through deacetylation of p65 Lys310. J Cell Sci. 2010 Dec 15;123(Pt 24):4251-8. doi: 10.1242/jcs.073783. Epub 2010 Nov 16. 21081649
  57. Sharif-Askari E, Vassen L, Kosan C, Khandanpour C, Gaudreau MC, Heyd F, Okayama T, Jin J, Rojas ME, Grimes HL, Zeng H, Moroy T: Zinc finger protein Gfi1 controls the endotoxin-mediated Toll-like receptor inflammatory response by antagonizing NF-kappaB p65. Mol Cell Biol. 2010 Aug;30(16):3929-42. doi: 10.1128/MCB.00087-10. Epub 2010 Jun 14. 20547752
  58. Burkard TR, Planyavsky M, Kaupe I, Breitwieser FP, Burckstummer T, Bennett KL, Superti-Furga G, Colinge J: Initial characterization of the human central proteome. BMC Syst Biol. 2011 Jan 26;5:17. doi: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-17. 21269460
  59. Liu Y, Bridges R, Wortham A, Kulesz-Martin M: NF-kappaB repression by PIAS3 mediated RelA SUMOylation. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e37636. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037636. Epub 2012 May 23. 22649547
  60. Van Damme P, Lasa M, Polevoda B, Gazquez C, Elosegui-Artola A, Kim DS, De Juan-Pardo E, Demeyer K, Hole K, Larrea E, Timmerman E, Prieto J, Arnesen T, Sherman F, Gevaert K, Aldabe R: N-terminal acetylome analyses and functional insights of the N-terminal acetyltransferase NatB. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Jul 31;109(31):12449-54. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1210303109. Epub 2012 Jul 18. 22814378
  61. Parker M, Mohankumar KM, Punchihewa C, Weinlich R, Dalton JD, Li Y, Lee R, Tatevossian RG, Phoenix TN, Thiruvenkatam R, White E, Tang B, Orisme W, Gupta K, Rusch M, Chen X, Li Y, Nagahawhatte P, Hedlund E, Finkelstein D, Wu G, Shurtleff S, Easton J, Boggs K, Yergeau D, Vadodaria B, Mulder HL, Becksfort J, Gupta P, Huether R, Ma J, Song G, Gajjar A, Merchant T, Boop F, Smith AA, Ding L, Lu C, Ochoa K, Zhao D, Fulton RS, Fulton LL, Mardis ER, Wilson RK, Downing JR, Green DR, Zhang J, Ellison DW, Gilbertson RJ: C11orf95-RELA fusions drive oncogenic NF-kappaB signalling in ependymoma. Nature. 2014 Feb 27;506(7489):451-5. doi: 10.1038/nature13109. Epub 2014 Feb 19. 24553141
  62. Jacobs MD, Harrison SC: Structure of an IkappaBalpha/NF-kappaB complex. Cell. 1998 Dec 11;95(6):749-58. 9865693