Beta-2-microglobulin

NameBeta-2-microglobulin
Synonyms
  • Beta-2-microglobulin form pI 5.3
Gene NameB2M
OrganismHuman
Amino acid sequence
>lcl|BSEQ0012637|Beta-2-microglobulin
MSRSVALAVLALLSLSGLEAIQRTPKIQVYSRHPAENGKSNFLNCYVSGFHPSDIEVDLL
KNGERIEKVEHSDLSFSKDWSFYLLYYTEFTPTEKDEYACRVNHVTLSQPKIVKWDRDM
Number of residues119
Molecular Weight13714.43
Theoretical pI6.51
GO Classification
Functions
  • identical protein binding
  • glycoprotein binding
Processes
  • defense response to Gram-negative bacterium
  • defense response to Gram-positive bacterium
  • positive regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis
  • T cell differentiation in thymus
  • response to cadmium ion
  • negative regulation of receptor binding
  • antigen processing and presentation of exogenous protein antigen via MHC class Ib, TAP-dependent
  • positive regulation of receptor binding
  • viral process
  • antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I
  • innate immune response
  • antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I, TAP-independent
  • antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I, TAP-dependent
  • positive regulation of T cell cytokine production
  • antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I
  • positive regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity
  • interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway
  • regulation of immune response
  • retina homeostasis
  • cellular protein metabolic process
  • cellular response to iron ion
  • positive regulation of protein binding
  • antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I
  • positive regulation of ferrous iron binding
  • protein refolding
  • cellular response to lipopolysaccharide
  • positive regulation of ferrous iron import into cell
  • cytokine-mediated signaling pathway
  • positive regulation of transferrin receptor binding
  • iron ion homeostasis
  • regulation of defense response to virus by virus
  • regulation of membrane depolarization
  • response to drug
  • antibacterial humoral response
Components
  • plasma membrane
  • extracellular space
  • MHC class I protein complex
  • Golgi apparatus
  • phagocytic vesicle membrane
  • extracellular exosome
  • early endosome membrane
  • external side of plasma membrane
  • endoplasmic reticulum lumen
  • early endosome lumen
  • HFE-transferrin receptor complex
  • ER to Golgi transport vesicle membrane
  • Golgi membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • membrane
  • extracellular region
  • focal adhesion
General FunctionIdentical protein binding
Specific FunctionComponent of the class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Involved in the presentation of peptide antigens to the immune system.
Pfam Domain Function
Transmembrane RegionsNot Available
GenBank Protein ID27763813
UniProtKB IDP61769
UniProtKB Entry NameB2MG_HUMAN
Cellular LocationSecreted
Gene sequence
>lcl|BSEQ0012638|Beta-2-microglobulin (B2M)
ATGTCTCGCTCCGTGGCCTTAGCTGTGCTCGCGCTACTCTCTCTTTCTGGCCTGGAGGCT
ATCCAGCGTACTCCAAAGATTCAGGTTTACTCACGTCATCCAGCAGAGAATGGAAAGTCA
AATTTCCTGAATTGCTATGTGTCTGGGTTTCATCCATCCGACATTGAAGTTGACTTACTG
AAGAATGGAGAGAGAATTGAAAAAGTGGAGCATTCAGACTTGTCTTTCAGCAAGGACTGG
TCTTTCTATCTCTTGTACTACACTGAATTCACCCCCACTGAAAAAGATGAGTATGCCTGC
CGTGTGAACCATGTGACTTTGTCACAGCCCAAGATAGTTAAGTGGGATCGAGACATGTAA
GenBank Gene IDAY187687
GeneCard IDNot Available
GenAtlas IDNot Available
HGNC IDHGNC:914
Chromosome Location15
Locus15q21-q22.2
References
  1. Gussow D, Rein R, Ginjaar I, Hochstenbach F, Seemann G, Kottman A, Ploegh HL: The human beta 2-microglobulin gene. Primary structure and definition of the transcriptional unit. J Immunol. 1987 Nov 1;139(9):3132-8. 3312414
  2. He XH, Xu LH, Liu Y, Zeng YY: [Cloning of human beta-microglobulin gene and its high expression in Escherichia coli]. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao. 2004 Jan;20(1):99-103. 16108498
  3. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. 14702039
  4. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. 15489334
  5. Rosa F, Berissi H, Weissenbach J, Maroteaux L, Fellous M, Revel M: The beta2-microglobulin mRNA in human Daudi cells has a mutated initiation codon but is still inducible by interferon. EMBO J. 1983;2(2):239-43. 11894933
  6. Suggs SV, Wallace RB, Hirose T, Kawashima EH, Itakura K: Use of synthetic oligonucleotides as hybridization probes: isolation of cloned cDNA sequences for human beta 2-microglobulin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Nov;78(11):6613-7. 6171820
  7. Cunningham BA, Wang JL, Berggard I, Peterson PA: The complete amino acid sequence of beta 2-microglobulin. Biochemistry. 1973 Nov 20;12(24):4811-22. 4586824
  8. Gorevic PD, Munoz PC, Casey TT, DiRaimondo CR, Stone WJ, Prelli FC, Rodrigues MM, Poulik MD, Frangione B: Polymerization of intact beta 2-microglobulin in tissue causes amyloidosis in patients on chronic hemodialysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Oct;83(20):7908-12. 3532124
  9. Haag-Weber M, Mai B, Horl WH: Isolation of a granulocyte inhibitory protein from uraemic patients with homology of beta 2-microglobulin. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1994;9(4):382-8. 8084451
  10. Argiles A, Derancourt J, Jauregui-Adell J, Mion C, Demaille JG: Biochemical characterization of serum and urinary beta 2 microglobulin in end-stage renal disease patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1992;7(11):1106-10. 1336137
  11. Azkargorta M, Soria J, Ojeda C, Guzman F, Acera A, Iloro I, Suarez T, Elortza F: Human Basal Tear Peptidome Characterization by CID, HCD, and ETD Followed by in Silico and in Vitro Analyses for Antimicrobial Peptide Identification. J Proteome Res. 2015 Jun 5;14(6):2649-58. doi: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00179. Epub 2015 May 20. 25946035
  12. Momoi T, Suzuki M, Titani K, Hisanaga S, Ogawa H, Saito A: Amino acid sequence of a modified beta 2-microglobulin in renal failure patient urine and long-term dialysis patient blood. Clin Chim Acta. 1995 May 15;236(2):135-44. 7554280
  13. Miyata T, Inagi R, Wada Y, Ueda Y, Iida Y, Takahashi M, Taniguchi N, Maeda K: Glycation of human beta 2-microglobulin in patients with hemodialysis-associated amyloidosis: identification of the glycated sites. Biochemistry. 1994 Oct 11;33(40):12215-21. 7918443
  14. Burkard TR, Planyavsky M, Kaupe I, Breitwieser FP, Burckstummer T, Bennett KL, Superti-Furga G, Colinge J: Initial characterization of the human central proteome. BMC Syst Biol. 2011 Jan 26;5:17. doi: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-17. 21269460
  15. Bian Y, Song C, Cheng K, Dong M, Wang F, Huang J, Sun D, Wang L, Ye M, Zou H: An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome. J Proteomics. 2014 Jan 16;96:253-62. doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.014. Epub 2013 Nov 22. 24275569
  16. Vaca Jacome AS, Rabilloud T, Schaeffer-Reiss C, Rompais M, Ayoub D, Lane L, Bairoch A, Van Dorsselaer A, Carapito C: N-terminome analysis of the human mitochondrial proteome. Proteomics. 2015 Jul;15(14):2519-24. doi: 10.1002/pmic.201400617. Epub 2015 Jun 8. 25944712
  17. Bjorkman PJ, Saper MA, Samraoui B, Bennett WS, Strominger JL, Wiley DC: Structure of the human class I histocompatibility antigen, HLA-A2. Nature. 1987 Oct 8-14;329(6139):506-12. 3309677
  18. Saper MA, Bjorkman PJ, Wiley DC: Refined structure of the human histocompatibility antigen HLA-A2 at 2.6 A resolution. J Mol Biol. 1991 May 20;219(2):277-319. 2038058
  19. Okon M, Bray P, Vucelic D: 1H NMR assignments and secondary structure of human beta 2-microglobulin in solution. Biochemistry. 1992 Sep 22;31(37):8906-15. 1390678
  20. Collins EJ, Garboczi DN, Karpusas MN, Wiley DC: The three-dimensional structure of a class I major histocompatibility complex molecule missing the alpha 3 domain of the heavy chain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Feb 14;92(4):1218-21. 7862664
  21. Smith KJ, Reid SW, Harlos K, McMichael AJ, Stuart DI, Bell JI, Jones EY: Bound water structure and polymorphic amino acids act together to allow the binding of different peptides to MHC class I HLA-B53. Immunity. 1996 Mar;4(3):215-28. 8624812
  22. Trinh CH, Smith DP, Kalverda AP, Phillips SE, Radford SE: Crystal structure of monomeric human beta-2-microglobulin reveals clues to its amyloidogenic properties. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Jul 23;99(15):9771-6. Epub 2002 Jul 15. 12119416
  23. Stewart-Jones GB, McMichael AJ, Bell JI, Stuart DI, Jones EY: A structural basis for immunodominant human T cell receptor recognition. Nat Immunol. 2003 Jul;4(7):657-63. Epub 2003 Jun 8. 12796775
  24. Kihara M, Chatani E, Iwata K, Yamamoto K, Matsuura T, Nakagawa A, Naiki H, Goto Y: Conformation of amyloid fibrils of beta2-microglobulin probed by tryptophan mutagenesis. J Biol Chem. 2006 Oct 13;281(41):31061-9. Epub 2006 Aug 10. 16901902
  25. Eakin CM, Berman AJ, Miranker AD: A native to amyloidogenic transition regulated by a backbone trigger. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2006 Mar;13(3):202-8. Epub 2006 Feb 19. 16491088
  26. Iwata K, Matsuura T, Sakurai K, Nakagawa A, Goto Y: High-resolution crystal structure of beta2-microglobulin formed at pH 7.0. J Biochem. 2007 Sep;142(3):413-9. Epub 2007 Jul 23. 17646174
  27. Ricagno S, Colombo M, de Rosa M, Sangiovanni E, Giorgetti S, Raimondi S, Bellotti V, Bolognesi M: DE loop mutations affect beta2-microglobulin stability and amyloid aggregation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008 Dec 5;377(1):146-50. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.09.108. Epub 2008 Oct 1. 18835253
  28. Esposito G, Ricagno S, Corazza A, Rennella E, Gumral D, Mimmi MC, Betto E, Pucillo CE, Fogolari F, Viglino P, Raimondi S, Giorgetti S, Bolognesi B, Merlini G, Stoppini M, Bolognesi M, Bellotti V: The controlling roles of Trp60 and Trp95 in beta2-microglobulin function, folding and amyloid aggregation properties. J Mol Biol. 2008 May 9;378(4):887-97. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.03.002. Epub 2008 Mar 8. 18395224
  29. Ricagno S, Raimondi S, Giorgetti S, Bellotti V, Bolognesi M: Human beta-2 microglobulin W60V mutant structure: Implications for stability and amyloid aggregation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009 Mar 13;380(3):543-7. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.01.116. Epub 2009 Jan 25. 19284997
  30. Wani MA, Haynes LD, Kim J, Bronson CL, Chaudhury C, Mohanty S, Waldmann TA, Robinson JM, Anderson CL: Familial hypercatabolic hypoproteinemia caused by deficiency of the neonatal Fc receptor, FcRn, due to a mutant beta2-microglobulin gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Mar 28;103(13):5084-9. Epub 2006 Mar 20. 16549777