Dipeptidyl peptidase 4

NameDipeptidyl peptidase 4
Synonyms
  • 3.4.14.5
  • ADABP
  • ADCP-2
  • ADCP2
  • Adenosine deaminase complexing protein 2
  • CD26
  • Dipeptidyl peptidase IV
  • DPP IV
  • T-cell activation antigen CD26
  • TP103
Gene NameDPP4
OrganismHuman
Amino acid sequence
>lcl|BSEQ0010603|Dipeptidyl peptidase 4
MKTPWKVLLGLLGAAALVTIITVPVVLLNKGTDDATADSRKTYTLTDYLKNTYRLKLYSL
RWISDHEYLYKQENNILVFNAEYGNSSVFLENSTFDEFGHSINDYSISPDGQFILLEYNY
VKQWRHSYTASYDIYDLNKRQLITEERIPNNTQWVTWSPVGHKLAYVWNNDIYVKIEPNL
PSYRITWTGKEDIIYNGITDWVYEEEVFSAYSALWWSPNGTFLAYAQFNDTEVPLIEYSF
YSDESLQYPKTVRVPYPKAGAVNPTVKFFVVNTDSLSSVTNATSIQITAPASMLIGDHYL
CDVTWATQERISLQWLRRIQNYSVMDICDYDESSGRWNCLVARQHIEMSTTGWVGRFRPS
EPHFTLDGNSFYKIISNEEGYRHICYFQIDKKDCTFITKGTWEVIGIEALTSDYLYYISN
EYKGMPGGRNLYKIQLSDYTKVTCLSCELNPERCQYYSVSFSKEAKYYQLRCSGPGLPLY
TLHSSVNDKGLRVLEDNSALDKMLQNVQMPSKKLDFIILNETKFWYQMILPPHFDKSKKY
PLLLDVYAGPCSQKADTVFRLNWATYLASTENIIVASFDGRGSGYQGDKIMHAINRRLGT
FEVEDQIEAARQFSKMGFVDNKRIAIWGWSYGGYVTSMVLGSGSGVFKCGIAVAPVSRWE
YYDSVYTERYMGLPTPEDNLDHYRNSTVMSRAENFKQVEYLLIHGTADDNVHFQQSAQIS
KALVDVGVDFQAMWYTDEDHGIASSTAHQHIYTHMSHFIKQCFSLP
Number of residues766
Molecular Weight88277.935
Theoretical pI5.92
GO Classification
Functions
  • protease binding
  • serine-type peptidase activity
  • dipeptidyl-peptidase activity
  • protein homodimerization activity
  • identical protein binding
  • virus receptor activity
  • serine-type endopeptidase activity
  • receptor binding
Processes
  • T cell activation
  • T cell costimulation
  • viral entry into host cell
  • endothelial cell migration
  • behavioral fear response
  • response to hypoxia
  • positive regulation of cell proliferation
  • locomotory exploration behavior
  • negative regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly
  • psychomotor behavior
  • regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin
Components
  • plasma membrane
  • lamellipodium membrane
  • cell surface
  • integral component of membrane
  • extracellular exosome
  • intercellular canaliculus
  • invadopodium membrane
  • lamellipodium
  • membrane raft
  • apical plasma membrane
  • endocytic vesicle
  • lysosomal membrane
  • membrane
  • focal adhesion
General FunctionVirus receptor activity
Specific FunctionCell surface glycoprotein receptor involved in the costimulatory signal essential for T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated T-cell activation. Acts as a positive regulator of T-cell coactivation, by binding at least ADA, CAV1, IGF2R, and PTPRC. Its binding to CAV1 and CARD11 induces T-cell proliferation and NF-kappa-B activation in a T-cell receptor/CD3-dependent manner. Its interaction with ADA also regulates lymphocyte-epithelial cell adhesion. In association with FAP is involved in the pericellular proteolysis of the extracellular matrix (ECM), the migration and invasion of endothelial cells into the ECM. May be involved in the promotion of lymphatic endothelial cells adhesion, migration and tube formation. When overexpressed, enhanced cell proliferation, a process inhibited by GPC3. Acts also as a serine exopeptidase with a dipeptidyl peptidase activity that regulates various physiological processes by cleaving peptides in the circulation, including many chemokines, mitogenic growth factors, neuropeptides and peptide hormones. Removes N-terminal dipeptides sequentially from polypeptides having unsubstituted N-termini provided that the penultimate residue is proline.
Pfam Domain Function
Transmembrane Regions7-28
GenBank Protein ID535388
UniProtKB IDP27487
UniProtKB Entry NameDPP4_HUMAN
Cellular LocationSecreted
Gene sequence
>lcl|BSEQ0010604|Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4)
ATGAAGACACCGTGGAAGGTTCTTCTGGGACTGCTGGGTGCTGCTGCGCTTGTCACCATC
ATCACCGTGCCCGTGGTTCTGCTGAACAAAGGCACAGATGATGCTACAGCTGACAGTCGC
AAAACTTACACTCTAACTGATTACTTAAAAAATACTTATAGACTGAAGTTATACTCCTTA
AGATGGATTTCAGATCATGAATATCTCTACAAACAAGAAAATAATATCTTGGTATTCAAT
GCTGAATATGGAAACAGCTCAGTTTTCTTGGAGAACAGTACATTTGATGAGTTTGGACAT
TCTATCAATGATTATTCAATATCTCCTGATGGGCAGTTTATTCTCTTAGAATACAACTAC
GTGAAGCAATGGAGGCATTCCTACACAGCTTCATATGACATTTATGATTTAAATAAAAGG
CAGCTGATTACAGAAGAGAGGATTCCAAACAACACACAGTGGGTCACATGGTCACCAGTG
GGTCATAAATTGGCATATGTTTGGAACAATGACATTTATGTTAAAATTGAACCAAATTTA
CCAAGTTACAGAATCACATGGACGGGGAAAGAAGATATAATATATAATGGAATAACTGAC
TGGGTTTATGAAGAGGAAGTCTTCAGTGCCTACTCTGCTCTGTGGTGGTCTCCAAACGGC
ACTTTTTTAGCATATGCCCAATTTAACGACACAGAAGTCCCACTTATTGAATACTCCTTC
TACTCTGATGAGTCACTGCAGTACCCAAAGACTGTACGGGTTCCATATCCAAAGGCAGGA
GCTGTGAATCCAACTGTAAAGTTCTTTGTTGTAAATACAGACTCTCTCAGCTCAGTCACC
AATGCAACTTCCATACAAATCACTGCTCCTGCTTCTATGTTGATAGGGGATCACTACTTG
TGTGATGTGACATGGGCAACACAAGAAAGAATTTCTTTGCAGTGGCTCAGGAGGATTCAG
AACTATTCGGTCATGGATATTTGTGACTATGATGAATCCAGTGGAAGATGGAACTGCTTA
GTGGCACGGCAACACATTGAAATGAGTACTACTGGCTGGGTTGGAAGATTTAGGCCTTCA
GAACCTCATTTTACCCTTGATGGTAATAGCTTCTACAAGATCATCAGCAATGAAGAAGGT
TACAGACACATTTGCTATTTCCAAATAGATAAAAAAGACTGCACATTTATTACAAAAGGC
ACCTGGGAAGTCATCGGGATAGAAGCTCTAACCAGTGATTATCTATACTACATTAGTAAT
GAATATAAAGGAATGCCAGGAGGAAGGAATCTTTATAAAATCCAACTTAGTGACTATACA
AAAGTGACATGCCTCAGTTGTGAGCTGAATCCGGAAAGGTGTCAGTACTATTCTGTGTCA
TTCAGTAAAGAGGCGAAGTATTATCAGCTGAGATGTTCCGGTCCTGGTCTGCCCCTCTAT
ACTCTACACAGCAGCGTGAATGATAAAGGGCTGAGAGTCCTGGAAGACAATTCAGCTTTG
GATAAAATGCTGCAGAATGTCCAGATGCCCTCCAAAAAACTGGACTTCATTATTTTGAAT
GAAACAAAATTTTGGTATCAGATGATCTTGCCTCCTCATTTTGATAAATCCAAGAAATAT
CCTCTACTATTAGATGTGTATGCAGGCCCATGTAGTCAAAAAGCAGACACTGTCTTCAGA
CTGAACTGGGCCACTTACCTTGCAAGCACAGAAAACATTATAGTAGCTAGCTTTGATGGC
AGAGGAAGTGGTTACCAAGGAGATAAGATCATGCATGCAATCAACAGAAGACTGGGAACA
TTTGAAGTTGAAGATCAAATTGAAGCAGCCAGACAATTTTCAAAAATGGGATTTGTGGAC
AACAAACGAATTGCAATTTGGGGCTGGTCATATGGAGGGTACGTAACCTCAATGGTCCTG
GGATCGGGAAGTGGCGTGTTCAAGTGTGGAATAGCCGTGGCGCCTGTATCCCGGTGGGAG
TACTATGACTCAGTGTACACAGAACGTTACATGGGTCTCCCAACTCCAGAAGACAACCTT
GACCATTACAGAAATTCAACAGTCATGAGCAGAGCTGAAAATTTTAAACAAGTTGAGTAC
CTCCTTATTCATGGAACAGCAGATGATAACGTTCACTTTCAGCAGTCAGCTCAGATCTCC
AAAGCCCTGGTCGATGTTGGAGTGGATTTCCAGGCAATGTGGTATACTGATGAAGACCAT
GGAATAGCTAGCAGCACAGCACACCAACATATATATACCCACATGAGCCACTTCATAAAA
CAATGTTTCTCTTTACCTTAG
GenBank Gene IDU13735
GeneCard IDNot Available
GenAtlas IDDPP4
HGNC IDHGNC:3009
Chromosome Location2
Locus2q24.3
References
  1. Misumi Y, Hayashi Y, Arakawa F, Ikehara Y: Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of human dipeptidyl peptidase IV, a serine proteinase on the cell surface. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1992 Jul 15;1131(3):333-6. 1352704
  2. Darmoul D, Lacasa M, Baricault L, Marguet D, Sapin C, Trotot P, Barbat A, Trugnan G: Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (CD 26) gene expression in enterocyte-like colon cancer cell lines HT-29 and Caco-2. Cloning of the complete human coding sequence and changes of dipeptidyl peptidase IV mRNA levels during cell differentiation. J Biol Chem. 1992 Mar 5;267(7):4824-33. 1347043
  3. Tanaka T, Camerini D, Seed B, Torimoto Y, Dang NH, Kameoka J, Dahlberg HN, Schlossman SF, Morimoto C: Cloning and functional expression of the T cell activation antigen CD26. J Immunol. 1992 Jul 15;149(2):481-6. 1352530
  4. Tanaka T: Cloning and functional expression of the T cell activation antigen CD26. J Immunol. 1993 Mar 1;150(5):2090. 8094732
  5. Abbott CA, Baker E, Sutherland GR, McCaughan GW: Genomic organization, exact localization, and tissue expression of the human CD26 (dipeptidyl peptidase IV) gene. Immunogenetics. 1994;40(5):331-8. 7927537
  6. Goshima N, Kawamura Y, Fukumoto A, Miura A, Honma R, Satoh R, Wakamatsu A, Yamamoto J, Kimura K, Nishikawa T, Andoh T, Iida Y, Ishikawa K, Ito E, Kagawa N, Kaminaga C, Kanehori K, Kawakami B, Kenmochi K, Kimura R, Kobayashi M, Kuroita T, Kuwayama H, Maruyama Y, Matsuo K, Minami K, Mitsubori M, Mori M, Morishita R, Murase A, Nishikawa A, Nishikawa S, Okamoto T, Sakagami N, Sakamoto Y, Sasaki Y, Seki T, Sono S, Sugiyama A, Sumiya T, Takayama T, Takayama Y, Takeda H, Togashi T, Yahata K, Yamada H, Yanagisawa Y, Endo Y, Imamoto F, Kisu Y, Tanaka S, Isogai T, Imai J, Watanabe S, Nomura N: Human protein factory for converting the transcriptome into an in vitro-expressed proteome,. Nat Methods. 2008 Dec;5(12):1011-7. 19054851
  7. Hillier LW, Graves TA, Fulton RS, Fulton LA, Pepin KH, Minx P, Wagner-McPherson C, Layman D, Wylie K, Sekhon M, Becker MC, Fewell GA, Delehaunty KD, Miner TL, Nash WE, Kremitzki C, Oddy L, Du H, Sun H, Bradshaw-Cordum H, Ali J, Carter J, Cordes M, Harris A, Isak A, van Brunt A, Nguyen C, Du F, Courtney L, Kalicki J, Ozersky P, Abbott S, Armstrong J, Belter EA, Caruso L, Cedroni M, Cotton M, Davidson T, Desai A, Elliott G, Erb T, Fronick C, Gaige T, Haakenson W, Haglund K, Holmes A, Harkins R, Kim K, Kruchowski SS, Strong CM, Grewal N, Goyea E, Hou S, Levy A, Martinka S, Mead K, McLellan MD, Meyer R, Randall-Maher J, Tomlinson C, Dauphin-Kohlberg S, Kozlowicz-Reilly A, Shah N, Swearengen-Shahid S, Snider J, Strong JT, Thompson J, Yoakum M, Leonard S, Pearman C, Trani L, Radionenko M, Waligorski JE, Wang C, Rock SM, Tin-Wollam AM, Maupin R, Latreille P, Wendl MC, Yang SP, Pohl C, Wallis JW, Spieth J, Bieri TA, Berkowicz N, Nelson JO, Osborne J, Ding L, Meyer R, Sabo A, Shotland Y, Sinha P, Wohldmann PE, Cook LL, Hickenbotham MT, Eldred J, Williams D, Jones TA, She X, Ciccarelli FD, Izaurralde E, Taylor J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Cox DR, Huang X, McPherson JD, Mardis ER, Clifton SW, Warren WC, Chinwalla AT, Eddy SR, Marra MA, Ovcharenko I, Furey TS, Miller W, Eichler EE, Bork P, Suyama M, Torrents D, Waterston RH, Wilson RK: Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4. Nature. 2005 Apr 7;434(7034):724-31. 15815621
  8. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. 15489334
  9. Darmoul D, Lacasa M, Chantret I, Swallow DM, Trugnan G: Isolation of a cDNA probe for the human intestinal dipeptidylpeptidase IV and assignment of the gene locus DPP4 to chromosome 2. Ann Hum Genet. 1990 Jul;54(Pt 3):191-7. 1977364
  10. Bohm SK, Gum JR Jr, Erickson RH, Hicks JW, Kim YS: Human dipeptidyl peptidase IV gene promoter: tissue-specific regulation from a TATA-less GC-rich sequence characteristic of a housekeeping gene promoter. Biochem J. 1995 Nov 1;311 ( Pt 3):835-43. 7487939
  11. Gorvel JP, Ferrero A, Chambraud L, Rigal A, Bonicel J, Maroux S: Expression of sucrase-isomaltase and dipeptidylpeptidase IV in human small intestine and colon. Gastroenterology. 1991 Sep;101(3):618-25. 1677636
  12. Durinx C, Lambeir AM, Bosmans E, Falmagne JB, Berghmans R, Haemers A, Scharpe S, De Meester I: Molecular characterization of dipeptidyl peptidase activity in serum: soluble CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV is responsible for the release of X-Pro dipeptides. Eur J Biochem. 2000 Sep;267(17):5608-13. 10951221
  13. Davoodi J, Kelly J, Gendron NH, MacKenzie AE: The Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome causative glypican-3, binds to and inhibits the dipeptidyl peptidase activity of CD26. Proteomics. 2007 Jun;7(13):2300-10. 17549790
  14. Morrison ME, Vijayasaradhi S, Engelstein D, Albino AP, Houghton AN: A marker for neoplastic progression of human melanocytes is a cell surface ectopeptidase. J Exp Med. 1993 Apr 1;177(4):1135-43. 8096237
  15. Kameoka J, Tanaka T, Nojima Y, Schlossman SF, Morimoto C: Direct association of adenosine deaminase with a T cell activation antigen, CD26. Science. 1993 Jul 23;261(5120):466-9. 8101391
  16. De Meester I, Vanham G, Kestens L, Vanhoof G, Bosmans E, Gigase P, Scharpe S: Binding of adenosine deaminase to the lymphocyte surface via CD26. Eur J Immunol. 1994 Mar;24(3):566-70. 7907293
  17. Loster K, Zeilinger K, Schuppan D, Reutter W: The cysteine-rich region of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (CD 26) is the collagen-binding site. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995 Dec 5;217(1):341-8. 8526932
  18. Cordero OJ, Salgado FJ, Vinuela JE, Nogueira M: Interleukin-12 enhances CD26 expression and dipeptidyl peptidase IV function on human activated lymphocytes. Immunobiology. 1997 Nov;197(5):522-33. 9413751
  19. Abbott CA, McCaughan GW, Gorrell MD: Two highly conserved glutamic acid residues in the predicted beta propeller domain of dipeptidyl peptidase IV are required for its enzyme activity. FEBS Lett. 1999 Sep 24;458(3):278-84. 10570924
  20. Park JE, Lenter MC, Zimmermann RN, Garin-Chesa P, Old LJ, Rettig WJ: Fibroblast activation protein, a dual specificity serine protease expressed in reactive human tumor stromal fibroblasts. J Biol Chem. 1999 Dec 17;274(51):36505-12. 10593948
  21. Cordero OJ, Ayude D, Nogueira M, Rodriguez-Berrocal FJ, de la Cadena MP: Preoperative serum CD26 levels: diagnostic efficiency and predictive value for colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer. 2000 Nov;83(9):1139-46. 11027426
  22. Salgado FJ, Vela E, Martin M, Franco R, Nogueira M, Cordero OJ: Mechanisms of CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV cytokine-dependent regulation on human activated lymphocytes. Cytokine. 2000 Jul;12(7):1136-41. 10880264
  23. Ikushima H, Munakata Y, Ishii T, Iwata S, Terashima M, Tanaka H, Schlossman SF, Morimoto C: Internalization of CD26 by mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor II receptor contributes to T cell activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Jul 18;97(15):8439-44. 10900005
  24. Gines S, Marino M, Mallol J, Canela EI, Morimoto C, Callebaut C, Hovanessian A, Casado V, Lluis C, Franco R: Regulation of epithelial and lymphocyte cell adhesion by adenosine deaminase-CD26 interaction. Biochem J. 2002 Jan 15;361(Pt 2):203-9. 11772392
  25. Alfalah M, Jacob R, Naim HY: Intestinal dipeptidyl peptidase IV is efficiently sorted to the apical membrane through the concerted action of N- and O-glycans as well as association with lipid microdomains. J Biol Chem. 2002 Mar 22;277(12):10683-90. Epub 2001 Dec 28. 11773049
  26. Salgado FJ, Lojo J, Alonso-Lebrero JL, Lluis C, Franco R, Cordero OJ, Nogueira M: A role for interleukin-12 in the regulation of T cell plasma membrane compartmentation. J Biol Chem. 2003 Jul 4;278(27):24849-57. Epub 2003 Apr 3. 12676959
  27. Chien CH, Huang LH, Chou CY, Chen YS, Han YS, Chang GG, Liang PH, Chen X: One site mutation disrupts dimer formation in human DPP-IV proteins. J Biol Chem. 2004 Dec 10;279(50):52338-45. Epub 2004 Sep 24. 15448155
  28. Aertgeerts K, Ye S, Shi L, Prasad SG, Witmer D, Chi E, Sang BC, Wijnands RA, Webb DR, Swanson RV: N-linked glycosylation of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (CD26): effects on enzyme activity, homodimer formation, and adenosine deaminase binding. Protein Sci. 2004 Jan;13(1):145-54. 14691230
  29. Liu T, Qian WJ, Gritsenko MA, Camp DG 2nd, Monroe ME, Moore RJ, Smith RD: Human plasma N-glycoproteome analysis by immunoaffinity subtraction, hydrazide chemistry, and mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res. 2005 Nov-Dec;4(6):2070-80. 16335952
  30. Ghersi G, Zhao Q, Salamone M, Yeh Y, Zucker S, Chen WT: The protease complex consisting of dipeptidyl peptidase IV and seprase plays a role in the migration and invasion of human endothelial cells in collagenous matrices. Cancer Res. 2006 May 1;66(9):4652-61. 16651416
  31. Ohnuma K, Uchiyama M, Yamochi T, Nishibashi K, Hosono O, Takahashi N, Kina S, Tanaka H, Lin X, Dang NH, Morimoto C: Caveolin-1 triggers T-cell activation via CD26 in association with CARMA1. J Biol Chem. 2007 Mar 30;282(13):10117-31. Epub 2007 Feb 6. 17287217
  32. Shin JW, Jurisic G, Detmar M: Lymphatic-specific expression of dipeptidyl peptidase IV and its dual role in lymphatic endothelial function. Exp Cell Res. 2008 Oct 1;314(16):3048-56. doi: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.07.024. Epub 2008 Aug 3. 18708048
  33. Cordero OJ, Salgado FJ, Nogueira M: On the origin of serum CD26 and its altered concentration in cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2009 Nov;58(11):1723-47. doi: 10.1007/s00262-009-0728-1. Epub 2009 Jun 26. 19557413
  34. Chen R, Jiang X, Sun D, Han G, Wang F, Ye M, Wang L, Zou H: Glycoproteomics analysis of human liver tissue by combination of multiple enzyme digestion and hydrazide chemistry. J Proteome Res. 2009 Feb;8(2):651-61. doi: 10.1021/pr8008012. 19159218
  35. Burkard TR, Planyavsky M, Kaupe I, Breitwieser FP, Burckstummer T, Bennett KL, Superti-Furga G, Colinge J: Initial characterization of the human central proteome. BMC Syst Biol. 2011 Jan 26;5:17. doi: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-17. 21269460
  36. Raj VS, Mou H, Smits SL, Dekkers DH, Muller MA, Dijkman R, Muth D, Demmers JA, Zaki A, Fouchier RA, Thiel V, Drosten C, Rottier PJ, Osterhaus AD, Bosch BJ, Haagmans BL: Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a functional receptor for the emerging human coronavirus-EMC. Nature. 2013 Mar 14;495(7440):251-4. doi: 10.1038/nature12005. 23486063
  37. Bian Y, Song C, Cheng K, Dong M, Wang F, Huang J, Sun D, Wang L, Ye M, Zou H: An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome. J Proteomics. 2014 Jan 16;96:253-62. doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.014. Epub 2013 Nov 22. 24275569
  38. Oefner C, D'Arcy A, Mac Sweeney A, Pierau S, Gardiner R, Dale GE: High-resolution structure of human apo dipeptidyl peptidase IV/CD26 and its complex with 1-[([2-[(5-iodopyridin-2-yl)amino]-ethyl]amino)-acetyl]-2-cyano-(S)-pyrrolidine. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2003 Jul;59(Pt 7):1206-12. Epub 2003 Jun 27. 12832764
  39. Hiramatsu H, Kyono K, Higashiyama Y, Fukushima C, Shima H, Sugiyama S, Inaka K, Yamamoto A, Shimizu R: The structure and function of human dipeptidyl peptidase IV, possessing a unique eight-bladed beta-propeller fold. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003 Mar 21;302(4):849-54. 12646248
  40. Rasmussen HB, Branner S, Wiberg FC, Wagtmann N: Crystal structure of human dipeptidyl peptidase IV/CD26 in complex with a substrate analog. Nat Struct Biol. 2003 Jan;10(1):19-25. 12483204
  41. Thoma R, Loffler B, Stihle M, Huber W, Ruf A, Hennig M: Structural basis of proline-specific exopeptidase activity as observed in human dipeptidyl peptidase-IV. Structure. 2003 Aug;11(8):947-59. 12906826
  42. Meng W, Brigance RP, Chao HJ, Fura A, Harrity T, Marcinkeviciene J, O'Connor SP, Tamura JK, Xie D, Zhang Y, Klei HE, Kish K, Weigelt CA, Turdi H, Wang A, Zahler R, Kirby MS, Hamann LG: Discovery of 6-(aminomethyl)-5-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-7-methylimidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine-2-carboxa mides as potent, selective dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors. J Med Chem. 2010 Aug 12;53(15):5620-8. doi: 10.1021/jm100634a. 20684603