T3DB: Protoporphyrinogen IX

Identification Taxonomy Biological Properties Physical Properties Toxicity Profile Spectra Concentrations Links References Gene Regulation XML

Record Information

Version

2.0

Creation Date

2014-08-29 06:51:17 UTC

Update Date

2018-03-21 17:46:22 UTC

Accession Number

T3D4439

Identification

Common Name

Protoporphyrinogen IX

Class

Small Molecule

Description

Protoporphyrinogen IX is an intermediate in heme biosynthesis. It is a porphyrinogen in which two pyrrole rings each have one methyl and one propionate side chain, and the other two pyrrole rings each have one methyl and one vinyl side chain. Fifteen isomers are possible but only one, type IX, occurs naturally. Protoporphyrinogen is produced by oxidative decarboxylation of coproporphyrinogen. Under certain conditions, protoporphyrinogen IX can act as a phototoxin, a neurotoxin, and a metabotoxin. A phototoxin leads to cell damage upon exposure to light. A neurotoxin causes damage to nerve cells and nerve tissues. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of porphyrins are associated with porphyrias such as porphyria variegate, acute intermittent porphyria, and hereditary coproporphyria (HCP). In particular, protoporphyrinogen IX is accumulated and excreted excessively in the feces in acute intermittent porphyria, protoporphyria, and variegate porphyria. There are several types of porphyrias (most are inherited). Hepatic porphyrias are characterized by acute neurological attacks (seizures, psychosis, extreme back and abdominal pain, and an acute polyneuropathy), while the erythropoietic forms present with skin problems (usually a light-sensitive blistering rash and increased hair growth). The neurotoxicity of porphyrins may be due to their selective interactions with tubulin, which disrupt microtubule formation and cause neural malformations (PMID: 3441503).

Compound Type

Animal Toxin
Food Toxin
Metabolite
Natural Compound
Organic Compound

Chemical Structure

MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI

Synonyms

Show entries

Search:

Synonym
5,10,15,20,22,24-Hexahydro protoporphyrin IX deriv.
7,12-Diethenyl-3,8,13,17-tetramethyl-5,10,15,20,22,24-hexahydroporphyrin-2,18-dipropanoate
7,12-Diethenyl-3,8,13,17-tetramethyl-5,10,15,20,22,24-hexahydroporphyrin-2,18-dipropanoic acid
7,12-Diethenyl-5,10,15,20,22,24-hexahydro-3,8,13,17-tetramethyl-21h,23h-porphine-2,18-dipropanoate
7,12-Diethenyl-5,10,15,20,22,24-hexahydro-3,8,13,17-tetramethyl-21h,23h-porphine-2,18-dipropanoic acid
Protoporphyrinogen
Protoporphyrinogen-IX

Showing 1 to 7 of 7 entries

Chemical Formula

C₃₄H₄₀N₄O₄

Average Molecular Mass

568.706 g/mol

Monoisotopic Mass

568.305 g/mol

CAS Registry Number

7412-77-3

IUPAC Name

3-[20-(2-carboxyethyl)-9,14-diethenyl-5,10,15,19-tetramethyl-21,22,23,24-tetraazapentacyclo[16.2.1.1^{3,6}.1^{8,11}.1^{13,16}]tetracosa-1(20),3,5,8,10,13,15,18-octaen-4-yl]propanoic acid

Traditional Name

3-[20-(2-carboxyethyl)-9,14-diethenyl-5,10,15,19-tetramethyl-21,22,23,24-tetraazapentacyclo[16.2.1.1^{3,6}.1^{8,11}.1^{13,16}]tetracosa-1(20),3,5,8,10,13,15,18-octaen-4-yl]propanoic acid

SMILES

CC1=C2CC3=C(C)C(C=C)=C(CC4=C(C)C(C=C)=C(CC5=C(C)C(CCC(O)=O)=C(CC(N2)=C1CCC(O)=O)N5)N4)N3

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C34H40N4O4/c1-7-21-17(3)25-13-26-19(5)23(9-11-33(39)40)31(37-26)16-32-24(10-12-34(41)42)20(6)28(38-32)15-30-22(8-2)18(4)27(36-30)14-29(21)35-25/h7-8,35-38H,1-2,9-16H2,3-6H3,(H,39,40)(H,41,42)

InChI Key

InChIKey=UHSGPDMIQQYNAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

belongs to the class of organic compounds known as porphyrins. Porphyrins are compounds containing a fundamental skeleton of four pyrrole nuclei united through the alpha-positions by four methine groups to form a macrocyclic structure.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Organoheterocyclic compounds

Class

Tetrapyrroles and derivatives

Sub Class

Porphyrins

Direct Parent

Porphyrins

Alternative Parents

Substituents

Porphyrin
Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
Substituted pyrrole
Pyrrole
Heteroaromatic compound
Azacycle
Carboxylic acid
Carboxylic acid derivative
Carbonyl group
Organopnictogen compound
Organic oxygen compound
Organooxygen compound
Organonitrogen compound
Organic nitrogen compound
Hydrocarbon derivative
Organic oxide
Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds

External Descriptors

porphyrinogens (CHEBI:15435 )

Biological Properties

Status

Detected and Not Quantified

Origin

Endogenous

Cellular Locations

Cytoplasm
Membrane
Mitochondria

Biofluid Locations

Not Available

Tissue Locations

Liver
Placenta

Pathways

Name	SMPDB Link	KEGG Link
Porphyrin Metabolism	SMP00024	map00860
Porphyria Variegata (PV)	SMP00346	Not Available

Applications

Not Available

Biological Roles

Not Available

Chemical Roles

Not Available

Physical Properties

State

Solid

Appearance

White powder.

Experimental Properties

Property	Value
Melting Point	Not Available
Boiling Point	Not Available
Solubility	Not Available
LogP	Not Available

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	0.0055 g/L	ALOGPS
logP	3.44	ALOGPS
logP	6.2	ChemAxon
logS	-5	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	4.07	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	-2	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	4	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	6	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	137.76 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	8	ChemAxon
Refractivity	169.42 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	64.52 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	5	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	0	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	Yes	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	Yes	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	Yes	ChemAxon

Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	Deposition Date	View
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-0pi3-1000190000-2785151d048ffcfdafc1	2017-09-01	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-00bc-9000053000-45009d4bbcc7a57d2e8b	2017-10-06	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS ("Protoporphyrinogen IX,1TMS,#1" TMS) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-14	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-15	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_3) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-15	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_4) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-15	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_5) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-15	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_6) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-15	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_1) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-15	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_2) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-15	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_3) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-15	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_4) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-15	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_5) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-15	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_6) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-15	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_7) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-15	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_8) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-15	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_9) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-15	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_10) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-15	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_11) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-15	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_12) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-15	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_13) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-15	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_14) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-15	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_15) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-15	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_1_1) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-15	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_1_2) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	2021-10-15	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	splash10-0udi-0000190000-7c4ce83e3be73bfccdf6	2015-09-15	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive	splash10-0pi0-0000490000-affa2d20d85ce7a5a2a1	2015-09-15	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive	splash10-03dj-0020900000-a1714c4d96457c66da57	2015-09-15	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative	splash10-014i-0000090000-4148fa37b5b91e3b5a92	2015-09-15	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative	splash10-05tb-1000090000-27a9f5ba745bc29e2b22	2015-09-15	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative	splash10-0a4i-9000260000-392765703d0911aa98fc	2015-09-15	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	splash10-0gb9-0000090000-9a1be7ce809937d54938	2021-09-22	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive	splash10-0ldi-0000190000-1a53eff6b6eaea2bd1a8	2021-09-22	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive	splash10-0a4i-0000790000-030a68500ee48fd68e34	2021-09-22	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative	splash10-014j-0000090000-4f79e644c71d1a64565b	2021-09-22	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative	splash10-014j-0000090000-8599f24133cbc58316eb	2021-09-22	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative	splash10-0a4i-1000950000-a5525829d1d51b8650b0	2021-09-22	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2022-08-20	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2022-08-20	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2022-08-20	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2022-08-20	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2022-08-20	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2022-08-20	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2022-08-20	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2022-08-20	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2022-08-20	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2022-08-20	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2022-08-20	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2022-08-20	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2022-08-20	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2022-08-20	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2022-08-20	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2022-08-20	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2022-08-20	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2022-08-20	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2022-08-20	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Not Available	2022-08-20	View Spectrum

Toxicity Profile

Route of Exposure

Not Available

Mechanism of Toxicity

Not Available

Metabolism

Not Available

Toxicity Values

Not Available

Lethal Dose

Not Available

Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Uses/Sources

This is an endogenously produced metabolite found in the human body. It is used in metabolic reactions, catabolic reactions or waste generation.

Minimum Risk Level

Not Available

Health Effects

Chronically high levels of porophyrins are associated with porphyrias such as Porphyria variegate, Acute Intermittent Porphyria and Hereditary Coproporphyria (HCP).

Symptoms

Not Available

Treatment

Not Available

Normal Concentrations

Not Available

Abnormal Concentrations

Not Available

External Links

DrugBank ID

Not Available

HMDB ID

HMDB01097

PubChem Compound ID

121893

ChEMBL ID

Not Available

ChemSpider ID

108741

KEGG ID

C01079

UniProt ID

Not Available

OMIM ID

ChEBI ID

15435

BioCyc ID

PROTOPORPHYRINOGEN

CTD ID

Not Available

Stitch ID

Not Available

PDB ID

Not Available

ACToR ID

Not Available

Wikipedia Link

Protoporphyrinogen IX

References

Synthesis Reference

Not Available

MSDS

Not Available

General References

Wan J, Zhang L, Yang G, Zhan CG: Quantitative structure-activity relationship for cyclic imide derivatives of protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors: a study of quantum chemical descriptors from density functional theory. J Chem Inf Comput Sci. 2004 Nov-Dec;44(6):2099-105. [15554680 ]
Herrick AL, Moore MR, Thompson GG, Ford GP, McColl KE: Cholelithiasis in patients with variegate porphyria. J Hepatol. 1991 Jan;12(1):50-3. [2007776 ]
Krijt J, Stranska P, Maruna P, Vokurka M, Sanitrak J: Herbicide-induced experimental variegate porphyria in mice: tissue porphyrinogen accumulation and response to porphyrogenic drugs. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1997 Oct-Nov;75(10-11):1181-7. [9431441 ]
Bloomer JR: Enzyme defects in the porphyrias and their relevance to the biochemical abnormalities in these disorders. J Invest Dermatol. 1981 Jul;77(1):102-6. [7252240 ]
de Villiers JN, Kotze MJ, van Heerden CJ, Sadie A, Gardner HF, Liebenberg J, van Zyl R, du Plessis L, Kimberg M, Frank J, Warnich L: Overrepresentation of the founder PPOX gene mutation R59W in a South African patient with severe clinical manifestation of porphyria. Exp Dermatol. 2005 Jan;14(1):50-5. [15660919 ]
Corrigall AV, Hift RJ, Adams PA, Kirsch RE: Inhibition of mammalian protoporphyrinogen oxidase by acifluorfen. Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1994 Dec;34(6):1283-9. [7697001 ]
Cox TM, Jack N, Lofthouse S, Watling J, Haines J, Warren MJ: King George III and porphyria: an elemental hypothesis and investigation. Lancet. 2005 Jul 23-29;366(9482):332-5. [16039338 ]

Gene Regulation

Up-Regulated Genes

Not Available

Down-Regulated Genes

Not Available

Protoporphyrinogen IX (T3D4439)

Structure for T3D4439: Protoporphyrinogen IX